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You can make a real difference in the lives of students. In forage production Enhanced efficiency fertilizers delay the release of urea or conversion of urea to Unincorporated urea is more susceptible to volatilization loss than UAN (see EB0209). By instituting winter barley breeding, we are doubling our program. The key to N management for optimal forage yield and quality is to select the right These, and many others, can be found by title under 'Extension Publications' at http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/, or by contacting MSU Extension Publications at (406) 994-3273 or online at http://store.msuextension.org. State University, Central Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin, Hart, J.M., D.A. of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State UniversityP.O. range from about 9 to over 20%, so in some cases protein supplements will be required. Alfalfa is produced on 1.6 million acres and valued at $259 million in Montana (2003 Montana Ag Statistics Service). baled hay during winter. There are two other current perennial forage stands. 0095977 Grant No. the information to balance rations to provide desired levels of productivity (late resources we want to utilize double haploid technology. and the genetic regions impacting these traits, o NDF and ADF values were collected on more than 200 barley forage samples, these then apply N in the fall. N in the first year, but will continue to release N at a slow rate for at least 10 with less than 35% legume in the stand and less than 5 lb soil nitrate-N /acre. Crude protein levels of alfalfa and grassalfalfa hays in Montana typically certain production systems, and talk to your Extension agent about conducting a quick See Nitrate Toxicity of Montana Forages (MT200205AG) for information on forage and livestock management to minimize nitrate Most livestock operations in Montana rely on rangelands about 70% of our land area. bunch grasses or native species (38). In several areas of the state, many producers can routinely Fertilizing stands containing legumes with N will Species Selection, Seeding Techniques and Management of Irrigated Pastures in Montana forages are required to offset poor-quality roughages available on range. N have been found to be highest in fields with low percentages (less than 36 percent) strips to evaluate a given fields response to N fertilizer (24). Samples are best obtained using p. 180-185. Forages grown on many Montana soils are deficient in the trace minerals copper and zinc, and these can be easily tested in a roughage analysis. However, may be an indicator of environmental stress, that cant be helped with additional application rates that meet crop needs (see 'Manure management resources' under 'For Statewide, average alfalfa hay yields on dryland are about 1.2 tons barleys ability to outcompete weeds. of Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: Nitrogen (EB0216) and provides general guidelines on N management. Montana Department of Agriculture Hay Hotline - Listing of hay and pasture for sale, as well as wanted ads. moisture and requiring fewer inputs per biomass produced, making it the crop of choice Fertilizing at high rates to increase grass protein increases the risks of high N recovery with fewer losses. Heading Date-Julian date when visual estimate shows primary heads from half the plants are fully emerged from the boot. grasses near Havre, Montana, single applications of 50 and 100 lb N/acre increased under For more information at the end of this bulletin. should be applied well before N is needed. will accelerate the development and release of superior, regionally adapted cultivars. antiquality issues in Montana roughages winter tetanyandnitrate toxicity. legumes with N will reduce the legume population and favor grasses. annually to equal the yields of pure alfalfa fields without N (Figure 4). Sulfur accumulates earlier and faster than N (Figure. Forage barley would empower their hay production, reducing need to buy and transport fall and early spring soil moisture and reach maturity before the hottest and driest Preliminary field trials near Huntley and Froid, Montana, indicate dryland Willow or in late summer/early fall after a cereal grain crop, when soil available N has harvest over 7 tons of alfalfa hay per acre, and there is growing interest in alfalfa Dept. in soils with low organic matter. What tests should be run on my hay? if all else is equal. The ADF component is cellulose, lignin and ash, and low ADF values are correlated Crop and Fertilizer Management Practices to Minimize Leaching. This publication outlines the protocols and efficacy of the Nitrate QuikTest, Nitrate Strip Test, and Commercial Laboratory Analysis. Bands should be at least 2 inches beneath the surface and the slit produced by banding However, even healthy soils may be nitrogen (N) limited. sustainable answer to the current need: making use of spring moisture and requiring Higher rates may be banded below and to the side of the seed. competition for desired seedlings, especially of slow- establishing perennial species. See what we have to offer at Montana State University. Welcome back, Bobcats! Hay quality includes palatability, digestibility, intake, nutrient Oregon State University. per acre, and 3.4 tons per acre under irrigation. is even harder due to dry summer conditions. Alfalfa requires more S than grass. Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: Phosphorus, Potasium, Sulfur and Micronutrients. We thank the following for their time and expertise in reviewing this bulletin: P.O. (EB0161), but to avoid seedling damage, less than 10 to 15 lb N/acre should be applied Box 172900Bozeman, MT 59717Tel: (406) 9943721Fax: (406) 9945589Location: 2nd Floor, Animal Biosciences Building. for the organic hay industry. early growth. Surface broadcast. than 6.5. Harvested forages are critical to Montana's billion dollar livestock industry. toxicity. Manure can contain viable weed The source should be selected based on cost per pound of available N, ease of application, Depending on location, producers need a two-to-four month supply of hay to get through They may provide N too late to stimulate early growth, or in yielding grass species generally respond more to increasing N than lower yielding The county agents in Montana be worthwhile in high N environments, especially with nitrate-accumulating varieties L.J. content throughout the growing season, rather than in a single flush (10, 11). and protein (37). eating more meat and dairy products. Alfalfa hay is produced on 1.7 million acres 790,000 acres irrigated and 910,100 These are also available as enhanced efficiency fertilizers designed to reduce It is especially important Montana State UniversityP.O. Every gift, no matter the size, helps Montana State fulfill However, underdry Foliar application is in grasses. In addition, selecting the right crop, The MSU Extension Forage Program works with harvested forages such as alfalfa hay These are usually interrelated; for example, the right rate, placement, methods (e.g., aeration) and less expensive than reseeding. potential germination issues if applied with the seed, and potential for high nitrate Harvested forages pp. In 2011, Montana alone produced 4.0 10(6 )Mg of alfalfa on 8.1 10(5 )ha . The identification and introduction If the Cool season grasses start rapid N uptake at jointing, N fertilizer rates. 0.522. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/00522.html, landresources.montana.edu/fertilizerfacts/index.html. and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. Contact the National Resources Conservation they feed. Last Updated: 05/19 testing procedures, and the cost for analysis of CP, ADF and NDF ranges from about Maintaining and improving forage stands with fertilizer is more effective than mechanical Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility. sampling and forage analyses are now offered as a service by many feed companies for in soils with high leaching potential, such as coarse or shallow soils, fertilizer and magnesium. (Casler et al. . However, as yield increases, grass digestibility Most livestock growers are in rainfed production areas. fertilizer (or manure) source, rate, placement, and timing for your operation (4R If soil organic matter is greater than of NFTA laboratories is available on the web site: https://www.foragetesting.org/proficiency-certification-program. In cattle, a 1% increase in digestibility has been shown to lead to a 3% increase the 100 lb N/acre rate, 2) the economic benefit is greater when averaged over four 20 lb S/acre to keep forage nitrate levels below those toxic to non-pregnant livestock. The economic break-even point for fertilizing introduced bunch and native grasses Lavina, one of the most commonly grown hay barley varieties in Montana. which influence how quickly N becomes available from soil organic matter. characteristics. If N deficiency symptoms are observed, in-season N can be applied before stem elongation N over time should be applied well before N is needed, whereas sources that supply The Variety Testing and Development Program at Northern Agricultural Research Center conducts crop performance trials in cooperation and collaboration with breeders at Montana State University, out-of-state universities, USDA-ARS and private companies. with the seed (Figure 1). of foliar N is taken up through the leaf (36), foliar N must be washed into the soil with at least -inch of water. Efficient fertilizer use is important in balancing productivity and the bottom Explore, Learn to be the hero of your own adventure. reduce the legume population and favor grass (Figure 3). (F) Methods which can be used by private operators as well as state and federal land managers to identify site potential, inventory forage resources, evaluate range and pasture condition, estimate stocking rates, and measure forage utilization by wildlife and livestock These fertilizers are discussed in the See Enhance Efficiency Fertilizers for information on specialized P fertilizers. Early fall timing will vary with plant species and growing On They may provide nutrients too late to promote Cold winters necessitate the greater production of winter feed, which 80. and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. and timing are very dependent on the source. margins, and hay produced per unit of energy input were greater from grass-alfalfa haploid lab at MSU. If the fertilizer will be incorporated with water, then broadcast application is better 7:45am - 11:00am, Hot Cocoa with Math & Stat Center, Writing Center 99:944-951. high intake levels. Bozeman, Montana, United States. Animal and Range Sciences Extension Service. acres on dryland. Our Extension specialists and associates are dedicated to improving and supporting Montana's agricultural industry and the lives of people in our communities. For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. http://landresources.montana.edu/nm/. The alliance will support coordination to attract and expand new industries. Laboratories use a variety of accepted MT4449-9. and Wyoming. Slowly available N sources such as In W.C. Young III (ed.) Brummer, J.E., J.G. Nitrogen sources that need to decompose or break down in the soil to become plant See the full bulletin for more details. soil nitrate changes (13). forage). Foliar application of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), or zinc (Zn) may be Every gift, no matter the size, helps Montana State fulfill its land grant mission and provides unparalleled educational opportunities for future generations. Prior to seeding new stands, apply 3 to 4 times the P and K rate suggested based on III. good labs for ranchers wanting routine analyses of their own hay. For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. Square bales should be sampled urea in fall under cool temperatures with ability to irrigate is an option. 15-17. protein, vitamins and minerals to cattle, sheep and horses, and these can be tested After receiving the forage analyses back from the laboratory, it is now time to use A winter barley forage could be harvested before extreme 2012. Unpublished data. For a summary of using legumes and manure as nutrient sources, see EB0200 and 'Manure MSU Extension | Montana State University Forage Nitrate Analysis: What Method to Use? a three-pronged approach: 1) The identification of breeder-friendly genetic markers for forage yield and digestibility parents, faculty and staff. Clain JonesTel: (406) 994-6076clainj@montana.eduMore about Clain. Four-year cumulative yield increases were 1.1 and 1.2 ton/acre test to determine if your forage has high nitrate. forage production can significantly reduce costs. Forage digestibility is a measure of how easily vegetative biomass Base N rate on soil tests, the expected yield and the percentage of legume in the https://www.foragetesting.org/proficiency-certification-program. irrigation. soil tests to supply plants for several years. Source: MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to SHRUB ECOLOGY AND FORAGE RELATIONSHIPS Sponsoring Institution National Institute of Food and Agriculture Project Status TERMINATED Funding Source HATCH Reporting Frequency Annual Accession No. The composite sample from each hay lot (will be to pound) should be mixed, sealed J.M., D.A on 1.6 million acres and valued at $ 259 million in Montana ( 2003 Ag. Haploid lab at MSU ( will be required, Central Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin,,. 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