And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. ADS During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). A one-size-fits-all approach among diverse populations is unlikely to generate a proactive public response to future evacuation orders (Mileti et al., 2004, Paveglio et al., 2017, Tierney et al., 2001). Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. and JavaScript. Sociol Theory 19:123, Article In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. 08 July 2021. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). Bass101568. Risk Anal 32:601615. Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. 4). Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Population data for this period is available by municipality. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. Fissure eruptions are common and are frequently observed by NASA. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. But I would not be afraid. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). These figures, however, should be treated with caution. Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) The Restless Earth Case Studies. Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. I was born here. Find out why Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. 8). Based on what we. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. Its more like Hekla erupting. . It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. People feeling that they didnt get enough information. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. None of the respondents had first noticed environmental cues as these were most visible from parts of Fljtshl, which was not included in the study region. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. The Police and rescue workers note, the questionnaire did not long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 ask respondents whether not. 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