An effective health and safety management system (HSMS) will help to ensurethat risks are dealt with effectively. layout of the precast concrete production facility, access to and protection of the beds and moulds, handling, storage, and transport of the precast concrete elements. Frequency analysis, design storms, urban drainage and analysis, floodplain analysis and flood control. 9There may be hazards that are not identified in this table. However,if a duty holder deviates from good practice they should have well-thought-out reasons why. Section 40 of HSWA specifies the duty of a PCBU who manufactures plant, substances, or structures. Carry out calculations, analysis, tests or examinations needed to make sure the plant, substance or structure designed/ manufactured/supplied is without health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable (or arrange the carrying out of such tests). Chen, Y.Y., Chuang, Y.J., Huang, C.H., Lin, C.Y. At most, wood played a supporting role in projects where concrete and steel did the heavy lifting. For example, if the recent trends in fire hazard represent a decay or increase in its severity, fire safety in buildings should be adjusted accordingly. They are discussed below. Precast concrete elements should be designed to sit on localised shimming points when initially erected. 751.5.1.1.5 Sections, Elevations and Detail Circles, 751.5.1.4 Contract Plan File Name Convention, 751.5.1.7 Contract Addendums and Construction Changes, 751.5.2.1 Plan and General Elevation (Front Sheet), 751.5.2.1.1.7 Miscellaneous Notes for the Plan Detail, 751.5.2.1.1.8 Miscellaneous Details for the Plan Detail, 751.5.2.1.2.9 Miscellaneous Notes for the General Elevation Detail, 751.5.2.1.2.10 Miscellaneous Details for the General Elevation Detail, 751.5.2.1.4 Section Thru Existing Deck Detail, 751.5.2.2 General Notes and Estimated Quantities, 751.5.2.4 Substructure Layout (Curved Bridges), 751.5.2.4.1 Bents Located Using Span Chords, 751.5.2.4.1.1 Dual Lane Structures Tied at Fill Face of End Bent, 751.5.2.4.1.2 Single Lane Structure Tied at Fill Face of End Bent, 751.5.2.4.1.3 Dual Lane Structure Tied at Intersection, 751.5.2.4.1.4 Single Lane Structure Tied at Intersection, 751.5.2.4.2 Bents Located Using Long Chord (Tangent girders and curved deck with varying overhangs), 751.5.2.4.2.1 Squared and Symmetrical Roadway and Spans, 751.5.2.4.2.2 Squared and Unsymmetrical Roadway, Symmetrical Spans, 751.5.2.4.2.3 Skewed and Symmetrical Roadway and Spans, 751.5.2.4.3 Built Tangent along Long Chord (Deck slightly wider with roadway striped on a curve), 751.5.4.1 Precast P/S Concrete Girders and Beams, 751.5.4.3 Steel Plate Girders and Wide Flanges Beams, 751.5.8.3 As-Built Pile and Drilled Shaft Data, 751.5.9.2.2 Epoxy Coated Reinforcement Requirements, 751.5.9.2.7.1 Stirrup and Tie Bar Hooks Only, 751.5.9.2.8.1 Development and Lap Splice General, 751.5.9.2.8.2 Development and Lap Splices of Deformed Bars in Tension, 751.5.9.2.8.3 Development and Lap Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression, 751.5.9.2.8.4 Development of Standard Hooked Deformed Bars in Tension, 751.5.9.3.1.2 Minimum Length of Fillet Weld, 751.5.9.3.1.3 Maximum Sizes of Fillet Welds, 751.5.9.3.1.4 Standard Welding Symbols and Application of Symbols, Typical Prestressed Concrete Tangent Bridge, Precast Prestressed Panel Standard Drawings, EPG 751.50, A1. dimensioned locations of braces or props and their cast-in components? Bracing must be installed perpendicular to the precast concrete panel in theplan, as shown in Figure 13 below. The required concrete strength of the precast element should be noted on the shop drawings. This course will cover chemical equilibrium, reaction thermodynamics, activity, acid-base chemistry, coordination chemistry, redox reactions, precipitation and dissolution and contaminant detection and quantification. However, there are several knowledge gaps in this field that need to be addressed. For example, on jobs that utilize piles, the boring data sheet(s) shall be placed just after the pile data sheet. Adequate time should be allowed for training to take place. What do you need to think about when managing your workplace hazardous substances? If the fire goes into growth phase, the priority is to evacuate people out of the building as inhalation of toxic gases from fire can be fatal within minutes (Nelson, 1998; Alarie, 2002). References to relevant sections of HSWA are in shaded boxes. (May 2003). Has the precast concrete element reached the specified strength for lifting, as detailed in the shop drawings? 13.3Immediate deflection behavior of beams or one-way slabs, p. 149. b!(Q`VU If errors in foundations and/or panel construction lead to the height of the levelling shim being greater than 40 mm, then the shim height should be assessed by a competent person to confirm that the panel is still stable. minimum dimensions of drilled piles or deadmen? Handling, transporting and erecting precast concrete elements are high-risk activities that have resulted in deaths and serious injuries to New Zealand workers. 34 No. Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for This may be due to loads being higher than allowed forin the design, or the capacity of support systems being reduced. For all of the sheets pertaining to the same component of the structure (all of the End Bent No. (Elevation 1234.98) Elevations shall be shown as close to their actual location as possible. trucks, trailers, fork hoists, cranes and other lifting devices, storage racks, frames and supports (including A-frames and vertical storage racks), dunnage (see Section 9.4 of these guidelines). Health and Safety Representatives (HSRs) and Health and Safety Committees (HSCs) are two well-established methods of representation. Time in storage can increase cambers of eccentrically prestressed elements to unacceptable levels. Stone blocks used in masonry can be dressed or rough, though in both examples: corners, door and window jambs, and similar areas are usually dressed. The dimension of the overall roadway width shall be provided, followed by Roadway. These factors will also determine the need for a load pilot(s) to accompany the transport vehicle, and the requirements for any overweight and/or overdimension permits. Material Notes. Web13.2Limitations on member thickness, p. 149. Most insulated buildings that utilize concrete block, brick, adobe, stone, veneers or some combination thereof feature interior insulation in the form of fiberglass batts between wooden wall studs or in the form of rigid insulation boards covered with plaster or drywall. Whereas, in case of developing countries, research focus should be on finding new cost-effective alternatives to traditional automated and manual firefighting equipment. It could be due to the condition of the work site, the way the work activity is organised, or the way equipment or substances are used. The new files shall be processed in accordance with EPG 237.9.4 File Naming Convention for Addendums. Current Topics include: For example, recent study by Olawoyin (2018) argued that nanotechnology, can be the future of developing fire resistant materials if it is tested and applied properly. For example, all revisions for the first bridge change order shall be identified with a 1 in the triangle, all revisions for the second bridge change order with a 2 in the triangle, etc. CMUs may also be scored, ribbed, sandblasted, polished, striated (raked or brushed), include decorative aggregates, be allowed to slump in a controlled fashion during curing, or include several of these techniques in their manufacture to provide a decorative appearance. CIV ENG 740 / Seismic Behaviour, Analysis and Design of Masonry Structures A notifiable illness is when someone becomes seriously ill as a result of work; this is then a notifiable event. CIVENG 6V04 / Biological Aspects of Wastewater Engineering 169-181. Similar trend is followed by recent strategies on improving fire safety in buildings as they lack a holistic framework and only focus on one aspect of fire safety in buildings such as: fire safety design, research needs, or the human behavior. Manual for design of reinforced concrete building structures. A competent person (such as an engineer) should: The design of storage and transport frames should meet standards outlined in: Store precast concrete elements on suitable supports on firm, level ground that is not likely to collapse under the weight of the elements. [citation needed] For those reasons, concrete and masonry units hold the highest flame spread index classification, Class A.[4]. prevent damage from concrete-to-concrete contact. Not only this will save significant time but will also increase safety through continuous monitoring of fire safety provisions instead of annual inspections. All foundations should be designed to provide full support to the loads imposed on them by the falsework. The novelty of proposed framework lies in encompassing both prevention and management of fire hazard. a visitor and workplace induction register? Bracing anchors should be designed to resist all reasonably foreseeable loads, including: Bracing anchor capacities are sensitive to the: The types of fixing inserts to be cast in to the precast concrete elements should be specified on the shop drawings. This is the primary duty of care as set out in Section 36 of HSWA. certify strongback design and connections to precast concrete elements, consider placement and type of the appropriate insert when fixing strongbacks, for example, cast-in inserts or torque-controlled expansion post-installed fixings. ), therefore, there is significant variation in fire dynamics of each fire. A controller is the owner, lessee, sub-lessee, or bailee of a crane in a workplace (as defined in the PECPR Regulations). Except for special cases, all miscellaneous materials such as joint filler, castings, lead plate, etc. akirolu, . and Gkolu, S. (2019), Development of fire safety behavioral skills via virtual reality, Computers and Education, Vol. top slab only). Detailed strategies on improving fire safety in buildings in these four key areas are presented, and future research and training needs are identified. WebMasonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. NO spaces or special characters shall be used in the filename. Place the as-built pile and drilled shaft data sheet(s) after the bill of reinforcing steel sheet(s). If a reference note indicator is used for several details that are not grouped close together, the reference note shall be placed at the bottom of the General Notes on that sheet. Make sure workers understand the risks andhow the control measures should be used. This allows the item to be easily identified after the lifting anchors are cast into the precast concrete element. The damage may not be obvious right away. a device for restrictive applications determined on a case-by-case basis. 1724E-214. For example, the fire brigade has a limit to the maximum height up to which firefighting operations can be performed, amount of water it can carry etc. Most modern gabions are rectangular. Under the GRWM Regulations, a PCBU must ensure that: In this example, the head contractor and crane sub-contractor on a construction site are both PCBUs. Sloped or curved surfaces shall not be shaded except for special cases. An exclusion zone is a defined area where people are not allowed to go when particular work is being done. Place the north arrow near the Location Sketch. One of the main attributes for this anomaly is the variation with respect to compliance effectiveness, degree to which fire safety provisions are implemented, of fire safety regulations in specified building codes and standards of each country. Post-installed fixing anchors used to connect braces should be a type known as heavy duty high load slip expansion fixing anchors, or load-controlled where an increase in load results in increased wedging force. 3 unit(s) has a relevant qualification proving that they have the knowledge, experience, and skill required, or. CIV ENG 714 / Advanced Structural Mechanics A precast concrete element means any item made of precast concrete (including, for example, a beam, column, floor slab, wall panel, or cladding panel). Related Papers. including delivery loads, placing and erecting loads? Insufficient lighting; vehicle not easily seen or heard (eg no rotating light, no reversing alarm). Make sure the frame is not destabilised by overloading on one side at any stage during loading or unloading. Such procedures will be facilitated through the course weekly assignments. PCBUs must, so far as reasonably practicable, provide and maintain safe systems of work. 1. Equipment should be inspected before use. A Design Verifier is employed by an inspection body to carry out the functions referred to in the PECPR Regulations, and is the holder of a relevant certificate of competence. For this situation, the outside faces of the slab, barrier or railing, and wings shall be detailed concentrically with the roadway curvature, and curve ordinates shall be furnished on the plans. As soon as possible after deciding what the most effective control measures are: Control measures should remain effective, be fit for purpose, be suitable for the nature and duration of the work, and be used correctly by workers. Therefore, to develop performance-based codes for fire design it is important to define acceptable levels of performance for life, structural, property, and environmental safety. 1-11. Friction forces are increased by vertical or near-vertical sides on a mould. The components in a slope ratio must be of identical units. General 1. 2014, pp. The Location Sketch, Land Survey Block, and the Structural Title Block typically located on the Plan and General Elevation Sheet is located with the Index of Drawings on the Index Sheet. Intermediate Bents. Nominal lengths, listed for fabricators use, is the summation of the individual out to out lengths. Kodur, V.K.R. Strongbacks should be designed for strength and/or for deflection. Therefore, even small number of wildfires can be very dangerous to built infrastructure if they transform into conflagrations. Past tense shall also be used with verbs used as adjectives, including words describing the orientation of structures or structural components, e.g. Face-lifted precast concrete elements that are to be fixed vertically should be designed to hang no more than 10 degrees from the vertical. Quotation marks shall not be used for emphasis and around specific items such as titles of tabulated data, pay items or section letters. Reference letters shall not be enclosed in quotation marks (Detail A, not Detail A). confirmed if temporary on-site storage is needed? If components that have been cast in for permanent fixing of the precast concrete element are to be used for lifting or handling, or any other use, ensure that such use will not compromise their long-term performance. The structural designer should check the shop drawings against the structural drawings for consistency, and mark up any amendments. The driver should be trained and competent to manage the risks and hazards associated with transporting precast concrete elements. review and update emergency procedures/plans if needed. What machinery, equipment and substances will the worker need to use? 1 in 100 years annual probability of exceedance for ultimate limit states for wind and seismic loads, and. All stationing should be carried to the nearest hundredth foot (1+50.14 identifies a location 150.14 feet from the beginning point). Safe transport and delivery of precast concrete elements requires planning and co-operation between PCBUs, particularly the transport operator, the head operator and the erector. Major research and training needs to improve fire safety in buildings can be identified as: cost-effective active fire protection systems, rational fire design approaches, characterization of new materials, performance-based design guidelines, and fire hazard from wildfires. Masonry is commonly used for walls and buildings. If precast concrete elements are stored in areas where vehicles are moving, protect the elements with bollards or other physical barriers, and provide appropriate warning signs. Typically, structures made of CMUs will have the top course of blocks in the walls filled with concrete and tied together with steel reinforcement to form a bond beam. Details for dimensioning reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Manual of Standard Practice. The standard drawings for bridge approach slabs shall be modified to show staged construction. The guidelines have also drawn on other sources that address precast concrete health and safety matters, including manufacturers instructions. The M.Eng, M.A.Sc and Ph.D programs all require students to have a supervisor. Unit symbols shall not be omitted where they apply, except in authorized designation of structural steel shapes, e.g. the strength of the concrete mass block is suitable for: the design forces applied by the bracing. The resulting concrete is known as Prestressed Concrete. See the Bridge Memorandum for location of the profile grade. the loading and configuration used as the basis for design, maximum size and weight of individual precast concrete elements that can be stored, whether work can be done on the elements while in the racks, no-one can be injured by falling elements. It identifies the key factors to consider. The appropriate standard for the materials used. For people to evacuate safely, it is important that these requirements are met simultaneously: fire is detected in incipient or growth stage (earlier the better), occupants are notified using fire alarm and a safe fire escape route exists in the building. Before erecting precast concrete elements, the head contractor should workwith other PCBUs to plan the construction and erection sequences. Bulletin (2014), World fire statistics, The Geneva Association, No. The lifting equipment has not been maintained. A person who constructs masonry is called a mason or bricklayer. No distinction should be made between boring and coring locations. Inside front cover Foreword v Section 1. This means that all strongbacks with lifting points used during the movement of precast concrete elements should be: Strongbacks used for lifting must be rated with a working load limit (WLL). The objective of this course is to provide a survey of advanced statistical and data-driven methods in hydrology and water resources engineering, and to apply selected methods to hydrologic modeling and water resources problems solving. inadequate structural capacity of foundations. An officer is a person with a specific role in an organisation (such as a companydirector) or a person with the ability to exercise significant influence over themanagement of the business or undertaking. For example: Designers are in a strong position to help create healthy and safe workplaces. shall have sectional views shown hatched with light parallel lines, evenly spaced and sloped 45 degrees to the horizontal. Do I need to find a supervisor myself?No, applicants are not required to find a supervisor themselves. Central Office Design Division controls contract addendum releases and sequential ordering. This includes any amendments, notices to tenderers, agreed variations and all other information. Have locating dowels/other horizontal restraints been fitted before final placement of elements? See Section 2:The prescribed risk management process. The HSMS should be available to all workers in one or more formats that are easy for workers to access and understand. removing precast concrete elements from moulds, transporting precast concrete elements to temporary storage, moving precast concrete elements from temporary storage and loading for transportation, loading precast concrete elements onto the means of transportation (eg a trailer), moving precast concrete elements from the transportation to temporary site storage. Some automated slump meters, such as the one by Verifi also can add water to the concrete mix in the delivery truck while in transit. When several reference notes are required on a sheet but the notes vary by detail, the reference notes shall be located under a Reference Notes heading separate from the General Notes and grouped by detail using subheadings. Figure 3113 shows two possible configurations for lifting elements by using lifting equipment that equalises the loads in the slings. Their expected useful life is only as long as the wire they are composed of and if used in severe climates (such as shore-side in a salt water environment) must be made of appropriate corrosion-resistant wire. The automatic provisions for fire suppression include automated sprinklers, condensed aerosol fire suppression systems, and gaseous fire suppression systems. The best results are achieved when a PCBU and its workers work together to manage risk, improve healthand safety at work, and find solutions. Therefore, even if the response time of fire brigade is short, firefighting may not be effective. For more information, see Appendix Q (GRWMRegulations 24 and 25) or WorkSafes interpretive guidelines General Risk and Workplace Management, Part 2. Is there a secure and protected location for storage? In most climates this insulation is much more effective on the exterior of the wall, allowing the building interior to take advantage of the aforementioned thermal mass of the masonry. The location of sections and elevations within other details shall be shown in those details by placing short thick lines just outside the limits of the object or at the limits of a part of the object. The Land Transport Act 1998 sets limits to the work time hours for a driver of a vehicle that requires a class 2, 3, 4, or 5 licence, or is used in a transport service (other than a rental service), or carries goods for hire or reward. allowable bearing pressures have been checked. WebPrestressed concrete design. The values for Grade 40 bars are 40/60 of the values in the table (not less than 8db, 6 in. Braces should be attached to a flat surface which is capable of withstandingthe applied load. This technique does, however, require some sort of weather-resistant exterior surface over the insulation and, consequently, is generally more expensive. Park, O. The use of materials such as bricks and stones can increase the thermal mass of a building. Falsework and temporary works should be designed to resist all reasonably foreseeable loads, including: Falsework should be fixed to a solid, flat concrete surface or another surface capable of resisting the applied loads. The examples shown below were placed using area fill. remove precast concrete elements from moulds only after the concrete strength has reached the minimum strength required for lifting. Web13.2Limitations on member thickness, p. 149. The wall number, spacers, depth of spacers below leveling pad and over excavation shall be specified as shown. Table 2:Overview of duties of PCBU designers, manufacturers, importers, suppliers, installers, constructors and commissioners. Any proprietarysystem has to be designed to ensure the loads can be safely transferred to the soil. Are there electrical conductors or cables nearby? When joint filler is indicated on any sheet of the plans, the required type of joint filler shall be specified in either the detail or a note. The proposed course covers essential computational and experimental methods in the field of flow and transport in porous media. 2-D and 3-D analyses of stresses and strains. 2005-11-02T15:37:34-05:00 Outline of existing substructure components when they are in close proximity to new substructure. recognised routes for over-dimensional loads? Implementing key measures that include improving fire protection features in buildings, proper regulation and enforcement of building code provisions, enhancing public awareness, and proper use of technology and resources are key to mitigating fire hazard in buildings. The loading area should be on firm level ground. This will promote uniform fire safety throughout country, and ease of classification as well. how the precast concrete elements were loaded. Emergency plans should be developed with workers: the PCBU must engage with workers on health and safety matters that affect them. Also, it is important to periodically update the building codes based on experiences from previous disasters, new innovations in materials, design changes, and contemporary fire hazard issues. The usual strategy for managing persons is to evacuate exposed persons from the building by causing movement of people through a safe fire escape route. Units of measurement shall always be lowercase except for Fahrenheit (F). WebLimitations of the slump test. exclusion zones (defined areas where people are not allowed to go when particular work is being done)? These volunteers can further disseminate information about fire hazards to increase public awareness. Because of this, the information shown should be depicted as proportionally correct as is possible but in all cases the relational distinctions made should be rational such as correctly showing both the elevation and drawing of the bottom of a drilled shaft as it relates to other details. Lengths of straight reinforcing bars shall be determined using one-inch increments and rounded down to maintain clearances or rounded up to achieve proper lap. Every safe system of work needs regular reviews. 3 unit(s) GRWM Regulations 24 and 25 specify that a PCBU must manage risks associated with: PCBUs must follow a prescribed risk management process to manage these risks. If it is not reasonably practicable to prevent the object from falling freely or to use a system to arrest thefall, an exclusion zone that persons are prohibited from entering must be provided. Legal requirement that has to be complied with. Following the triangle should be one of the following: The overall revision to the sheet shall also be noted near the lower right side of the sheet using the same C and triangle format as used with the individual revisions made on the sheet. The PCBU should investigate incidents and near misses to identify their causes and what needs to change to prevent them from happening again. What industry-specific training and/or qualifications does the worker already have? Other sources of ignition in buildings include all live flames, heaters and hot surfaces, electrical malfunction, fireworks, and arson and vandalism. If multiple handling is necessary, use the method that will require the least number of moves. Section 4 briefly covers worker training and identifies factors that can affect worker competence. Decide which work risks need to be dealt with first and choose effective control measures to manage them. Theory of finite element method; formulation of finite elements; applications to solid mechanics, field and plate bending problems; algorithms for transient and nonlinear problems; introduction to hybrid and mixed finite elements; development of a finite element code. Section 41 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015: Duty of PCBU who imports plant, substances,or structures, Section 42 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015: Duty of PCBU who supplies plant, substances or structures, Section 43 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015: Duty of PCBU who installs, constructs, or commissions plant or structures, GRWM Regulation 9: Duty to provide information, supervision, training, and instruction. The review process should take into account matters such as: WorkSafes guidance Reasonably Practicable [PDF, 44 KB]. 4Lifting inserts and lifting insert systems for precast concrete elements. It is good practice to keep written records of how work risks are being managed. Factors that may contribute to uncontrolled collapse or other risks to workers include: These guidelines provide advice for dealing with these factors. akirolu and Gkolu (2019) used virtual-reality to teach basic fire safety behavioral skills to a group of ten primary school students, and concluded that virtual reality significantly enhanced the fire safety behavioral skills of students in real life. The design should specify any additional reinforcement required to accommodate forces during handling, transport and erection. Common/civic sense and public awareness is one of the most neglected cause of fire hazard and is the leading cause of fires in both developing and developed countries across the globe. The Health and Safety in Employment Regulations 1995(external link) require employers as wellas the person who controls a place of work to provide at least 24 hours notice toWorkSafe of particular hazardous work (as defined below). To reduce friction, mould sides should be detailed with adequate draw, or be released to allow them to spring back. Read Section 40 of HSWA in Appendix L6 of these guidelines to find out about the specific duty of a precast concrete manufacturer. Repetitive lifting (of elements that will be lifted multiple times during their service life), Lift and place loads using a tower crane, mobile crane, overhead crane running on rails, portal crane or excavator, Lift, travel and place thin-walled civil products under the conditions listed below, Lift, travel and place loads using tracked or rubber tyre equipment over prepared even surfaces (including asphalt or concrete), Lift, travel and place loads over rough terrain, such as unprepared natural ground, Precast concrete elements breaking during manufacture, Workers suffering musculoskeletal injuries (eg sprains and strains, back injuries, abdominal hernias) when handling precast concrete elements, Workers being exposed to substances harmful to health at unsafe levels, Workers suffering musculoskeletal injuries (eg sprains and strains, back injuries, abdominal hernias) when handling precast concrete elements (eg when lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, carrying, throwing, moving, restraining, or holding elements), Workers falling from height (eg from A-frames) when handling precast concrete elements, Precast concrete elements falling or collapsing and causing severe crush injuries (eg the uncontrolled collapse of elements, or a person being caught between an element and another object), The rigging fails resulting in the panel falling, Underground and overhead services and structures (eg underground cables, water, gas or sewage pipes, overhead power lines) are contacted or damaged during erection resulting in injuries, electric shock, or death, Workers falling from height when erecting precast concrete panels, During the lift the boom of the crane hits people, structures or other plant in its path, The dogman/rigger, ground workers and/or crane operator are electrocuted, Objects fall off the load being lifted and hit people, structures or other plant, outline the risks associated with handling, transporting, and erecting precast concrete elements, describe good practices for managing those risks.
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