Thus, under this alternative, there could exist even more firearm parts that would constitute a frame or receiver than identified by the proposed rule. 15. The court found that requiring a visible serial number d[oes] not bar an individual from possessing any otherwise lawfully marked firearm, 921(a)(3)(B). First, neither the GCA nor this implementing rule requires unlicensed individuals to mark (non-NFA) firearms they make for their personal use, or when they occasionally acquire them for, or sell or transfer them from, a personal collection to unlicensed in-State residents consistent with Federal, State, and local law. It makes it easier for manufacturers, importers, and makers to place serial numbers by requiring only one part of a complete firearm muffler or silencer device ( The final rule would affect a one-time number of 1,160 responses (116 one-time respondents *10 responses). Ann. ATF, They stated that this represented a 479 percent increase over a three-year period. The Federal Circuit has applied this precedent in situations where Federal law enforcement has acted pursuant to seizure statutes, and criminal laws, to find that no compensable taking exists. ATF would use this information for criminal investigation or regulatory compliance with the Gun Control Act of 1968. 27 CFR 478.41(b)), can perform adjustments or repairs on firearms for their customers without recording an acquisition, provided the firearm is returned to the person from whom it was received on the same day. 107. 23, 2022); Sarah Cassi, 11 secs. Lucas's Therefore, under SAAMI's published definition, in an AR-15-type firearm, for example, there would still be more than one part that would be defined as a frame or receiver on this weapon as well as on numerous split or modular models of firearms in common use today. [106] 135. see also Wright 2d 118, 121-22, 126 (D. Me. Furthermore, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) explains that the baseline for measuring a rule's costs should be what the world will be like if the proposed rule is not adopted.[141] e.g., Hine v. In this regard, the definition of transfer in part 479 has been finalized as proposed to exclude temporary conveyances solely for repair, identification, evaluation, research, testing, or calibration. See One trade group that represents importers stated that ATF needs to clarify whether its grandfather provision for marking means that all previously manufactured models and configurations are not required to be marked under the new requirements. 26 U.S.C. 51 M.J. 254, 254 (C.A.A.F. The Department agrees with commenters who stated that frames or receivers are not weapons. They are the frames or receivers See 408 U.S. at 108-09). (Aug. 25, 2021), Numerous commenters noted that several models of firearms were missing from the list of examples under the supplemental definition of frame or receiver entitled split or modular frame or receiver and that without clearer, more articulate lists, it appears that several models would be subject to more marking requirements. A weapon is defined by common dictionaries as [a]n instrument of offensive or defensive combat, Therefore, in accordance with section 6 of Executive Order 13132 (Federalism), the Attorney General has determined that this regulation does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a federalism summary impact statement. At least one commenter opined that the retention period should be shortened to seven years. .22-caliber cartridges, and sold to youth gang members. United States [9] Revenue Ruling 55-342 (FFLs Assembling Firearms from Component Parts); ATF Ruling 77-1 (Gunsmithing at Shooting Events); ATF Ruling 2009-2 (Installation of Drop In Replacement Parts); ATF Ruling 2010-3 (Identification of Maxim Side-Plate Receivers); ATF Ruling 2015-1 (Manufacturing and Gunsmithing), and ATF Procedure 2020-1 (Recordkeeping Procedure for Non-Over-the-Counter Firearm Sales By Licensees to Unlicensed In-State Residents That Are NICS Exempt). v. Regex: Delete all lines before STRING, except one particular line, Generalize the Gdel sentence requires a fixed point theorem. .' 1/16 They claimed the data presented is not sufficient to demonstrate that PMFs are actually used in crimes and that ATF has been able to argue only that suspected PMFs were reported to be present in potential crime scenes. One commenter did not agree with ATF's assessment in chapter 4 of the RIA that 3,359 FFLs would outsource their firearms to another FFL for gunsmithing work.. Start Printed Page 24677 Persons who engage in the business of importing, manufacturing, or dealing in weapon and frame or receiver parts kits must be licensed, mark the frames or receivers within such kits with serial numbers and other marks of identification, conduct background checks, and maintain transaction records for them so that they can traced by law enforcement if involved in crime. Why does Q1 turn on and Q2 turn off when I apply 5 V? available at https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/colchester-man-sentenced-34-months-federal-prison-illegally-possessing-machinegun; Ocean County Man Charged with Illegally Possessing Loaded Semi-Automatic Rifle, Submissions Guidelines: You may not use the Services to: - post any materials that (i) you do not have permission, right or license to use, or (ii) infringe on the rights of any third party; - post objectionable, offensive, unlawful, deceptive, inaccurate, or harmful content; - post personal, private or confidential information belonging to others; footnote 58, Many commenters in support of the proposed rule argued that it was necessary to regulate so-called ghost guns because they believe that the primary reason people acquire them is for illicit purposes and that companies are exploiting existing loopholes in Federal regulations. v. The Department disagrees that the definitional supplement concerning destroyed frames or receivers contradicts the supplement entitled partially complete, disassembled, or inoperable (now nonfunctional) frame or receiver. Under that supplement, a partially complete, disassembled, or nonfunctional frame or receiver is considered a frame or receiver if it is designed to, or may readily be converted to, expel a projectile by the action of an explosive. Draper See Successful traces of PMFs have been completed in these rare instances primarily because licensees who acquired PMFs sometimes recorded a serial number that had been voluntarily engraved by the manufacturer on a commercially produced handgun slide, barrel, or another firearm part, which are not required by the GCA to be marked. Hartford Courant (Jan. 7, 2022), As for the economic impact, licensees do not have to abandon or destroy anything; they need only mark PMFs with serial numbers as required by the GCA if they choose to take those items into inventory. 16. But, I don't have any idea why this problem happened. City of Syracuse 185 (kits containing unassembled components and tools to complete artificial flies for fisherman were sporting goods subject to excise tax); With regard to the content of the markings, one commenter wrote that the preamble of the NPRM contemplates that the new marking requirement could be satisfied by solely marking the licensee's name and RDS code plus a unique number (RDS+) and that the RDS+ would satisfy the unique serial number requirement. i.e., 42 F.3d 999, 1005 (6th Cir. at 376. The Department proposed to revise the definition of frame or receiver with a multi-part definition. 923(g)(1)(A) and (g)(2) to extend the 20-year retention period for licensees so that their records are not destroyed. `without much difficulty' or `with fairly quick efficiency.' For purposes of the final RIA, ATF estimates that, in an effort to reduce their costs, these FFLs may utilize electronic storage. (last visited Mar. 11/03/2022, 43 supra. 242 or 1918, or any other Federal law. Where did IMvcBuilder AddJsonOptions go in .Net Core 3.0? Attaching a method call directly to the end of it tries to call the method on the array itself and not the actual objects in the array. Tenn. Oct. 19, 2012) (serial number obliterated on the visible exterior of a revolver); baffles, baffling material, or expansion chamber), the term frame or receiver means the principal housing attached to the weapon that expels a projectile, even if an adapter or other attachments are required to connect the part to the weapon.. CNN.com Some commenters emphasized that women who are victims of domestic abuse are severely affected by the rapid proliferation of unserialized firearms that can be easily acquired without a background check by convicted domestic violence offenders or those subject to a domestic violence restraining order. 5861(g) and (h)), unless, (B) The subpart replacement is identified by the qualified manufacturer of the original subpart with the same serial number and associated licensee information in the manner prescribed by this section; and. 27. Some commenters suggested that ATF allow non-FFLs to continue selling unfinished lower receivers while placing the burden on the consumer to register the firearm with an FFL once the consumer completes the process of privately manufacturing a lower receiver. Commenters opposed to the proposed rule have either urged ATF to withdraw the rulemaking or come up with a more concise, less complex definition. Manufacturers may, however, seek a marking variance from the Director if they find it difficult to transition to these marking requirements for new frame or receiver designs. 387 U.S. 397, 416 (1967). Moreover, even the physical seizure of highly regulated goods pursuant to the government's police power has never been thought to constitute a 28. York, The Department disagrees with the comment that weapon parts kits must contain all component parts of the weapon to be readily converted to expel a projectile. (C) The original subpart is destroyed under the manufacturer's control or direct supervision prior to such placement. United States 432.2(d) (Oct. 2021), 960 F.3d 61, 66 (2d Cir. United States, Start Printed Page 24709 13-32a-104(1)(h)(i)(A); Va. Code Ann. How can we build a space probe's computer to survive centuries of interstellar travel? It became famous as a question from reader Craig F. Whitaker's letter Commenters supporting the proposed rule argued that the proposed rule is needed to make communities safer because under-regulation has made the rise of so-called ghost guns the fastest-growing public safety threat in the country. they are aware of a determination to the contrary by ATF. One commenter stated that not all FFLs have the equipment to mark firearms and that Type 07 manufacturers that do have the equipment may not want to mark PMFs. 2020) (This `naked eye test' best comports with the ordinary meaning of `altered'; it is readily applied in the field and in the courtroom; it facilitates identification of a particular weapon; it makes more efficient the larger project of removing stolen guns from circulation; it operates against mutilation that impedes identification as well as mutilation that frustrates it; and it discourages the use of untraceable weapons without penalizing accidental damage or half-hearted efforts.). . 55. Numerous J., at 21, ECF No. Several industry members stated that the firearm specific definitions under split or modular frame or receiver are confusing. When installed, the end cap secures the baffles in place within the tube. This proposed definition described a destroyed frame or receiver as one permanently altered not to provide housing or a structure that may hold or integrate any fire control or essential internal component, and that may not readily be assembled, completed, converted, or restored to a functional state. Impacts on Underserved and Minority Communities, e. Firearm Kits With Partially Complete Frames or Receivers, 2. . How can we create psychedelic experiences for healthy people without drugs? 18 U.S.C. sec. I had to install a lower version of the nuget package for it to resolve the red line error. Frame or receiver classifications of partially complete, disassembled, or nonfunctional frames or receivers before Drasen, OMB 1140-0018. Multi-piece frame or receiver. United States The GCA's silence on the specific manner in which licensees are to mark the firearms that they receive into inventory cannot be construed as a prohibition against any marking requirement through regulation. The final rule further provides detailed examples of when an unfinished frame or receiver billet, blank, or parts kit may be considered a frame or receiver. For example, a partially complete billet or blank of a frame or receiver is a frame or receiver when it is sold, distributed, or possessed with a compatible jig or template, allowing a person using online instructions and common hand tools to complete the frame or receiver efficiently, quickly, and easily to function as a frame or receiver, a term which is also explained in the final rule. Thomas, This rule finalizes that proposal with minor clarifying changes. With regard to silencer repairs, in order to avoid any appearance that an unlawful transfer has taken place, ATF recommends that an Application for Tax Exempt Transfer and Registration of Firearm, ATF Form 5, be submitted for approval prior to conveying the firearm for repair or identifying the firearm. 5845; (2) the subpart replacement is identified by the licensed manufacturer of the original subpart with the same serial number and associated licensee information in the manner prescribed by the rule; and (3) the original subpart is destroyed under the firearm licensee's control or direct supervision prior to such placement. The NPRM and this final rule explain in detail how the current definitions of firearm frame or receiver and frame or receiver in 27 CFR 478.11 and 479.11 do not adequately describe the major component of split or modular weapons or muffler or silencer devices required to be identified and recorded by licensees as a firearm. The current definition describes a housing for three fire control components: Hammer, bolt or breechblock, and firing mechanism. 2016) (laws necessarily have some ambiguity, as no standard can be distilled to a purely objective, completely predictable standard.); Yes, Three more using statements in my class using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration; using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging; This is meant for others who come across this post with a similar error, but different root cause. OMB 1140-0032. inch. Another manufacturer raised a similar concern that under the proposed definition, a non-welded suppressor's end cap appears to be a frame or receiver requiring serialization. 18.2-308.2:5(A); Rev. Start Printed Page 24662 DOJ/OPA (Oct. 28, 2021), These provisions will enhance public safety by ensuring that acquisition and disposition records of all active licensees are not destroyed after 20 years and will remain available to law enforcement for tracing purposes. 988 F.2d 13, 16 (5th Cir. Botosan Fed. is visible from the exterior and provides housing or a structure designed to hold one or more fire control components (emphasis added). the Court evaluated whether an immigration statute's requirement to send a notice with certain information was met when the government sent multiple notices, each of which did not contain all of the information required by the statute. creates alternatives . The FFL also stated it is unclear what serialization information should be put on newly defined frame or receiver parts that are vendor supplied but already in its inventory. Johnson, of In these types of scenarios, they questioned whether an FFL would be required to file a multiple handgun sales report or forthose retailers in the States of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Californiafulfill the multiple rifle reporting requirement. 926(a), expressly provides that [n]othing in this section expands or restricts the Secretary's authority to inquire into the disposition of any firearm in the course of a criminal investigation. Moreover, Federal law has long prohibited ATF from consolidating or centralizing licensee records. 116-88, at 2 (2019). Moreover, frame or receiver will be defined to describe only a single part Another issue raised by commenters is the feasibility of doing an engraving to meet the new size specifications. (c) v. A billet or blank of an AR-15 variant receiver without critical interior areas having been indexed, machined, or formed that is not sold, distributed, or possessed with instructions, jigs, templates, equipment, or tools such that it may readily be completed is not a receiver. 2d 578, 580 (Ohio. Fact Sheet, eTrace: Internet-Based Firearms Tracing and Analysis, ATF (Sept. 2021), United States In the event the licensee records a duplicate entry with the same firearm and acquisition information, whether to close out an old record book or for any other reason, the licensee shall record a reference to the date and location of the subsequent entry ( They stated that ATF needed to provide context for the data it presented. For example, commenters said that ATF's proposal to change serial marking requirements and the definition of gunsmith fails to provide any data or explanation as to how traces are failing under the current system due to existing marking requirements or why the definition for gunsmith is suddenly changing after many years. Dark Web Gun Trafficker from Nevada County Pleads Guilty to Unlawful Dealing in Firearms, 19.60.020(1)(e); W. Va. Code sec. https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.AspNetCore.Session/, In Visual Studio: see also Ward (Apr. i.e., (At least this fix the issue using SQLite), Here is the reference of the documentation using SQLite with entity framework core. [82] Vickers/Maxim, Browning 1919, M2, and box-type machineguns and semiautomatic variants: (x) Such information shall be recorded in formats containing the applicable columns below, except that for armor piercing ammunition, the information and format shall also include the quantity of projectiles: Table 1 to Paragraph ( The Department agrees that certain essential parts could be removed from the kit, potentially making it difficult to determine whether such a kit or aggregation of parts may readily be converted to fire. See As an initial matter, the Department notes that nothing in this rule requires private individuals to mark their personally made (non-NFA) firearms or to present them to licensees for marking. One commenter believed that the rule would exceed the one-year allowable threshold of $177 million (adjusted for inflation since 1995) set by the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. They stated that millions of these have been sold over the past 70 years with the serialized firearm component varying between models from the assembly containing the barrel to the assembly containing the trigger mechanism. Accordingly, there are no objections to modifying the definition so that all parts, other than frames or receivers, are eliminated. Summary of Affected Population, Costs, and Benefits, PART 447IMPORTATION OF ARMS, AMMUNITION AND IMPLEMENTS OF WAR, PART 478COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION, PART 479MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND CERTAIN OTHER FIREARMS, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-08026, MODS: Government Publishing Office metadata, https://www.atf.gov/files/publications/download/p/atf-p-5320-8/atf-p-5320-8.pdf, https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/source-and-use-firearms-involved-crimes-survey-prison-inmates-2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ghost-gun-concerns-prompt-feds-to-meet-with-firearms-makers-11616756403, https://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/19/army-picks-sig-sauer-replace-m9-service-pistol.html, https://taskandpurpose.com/military-tech/modular-handgun-system-fielding, https://apnews.com/article/396bbedbf4963a28bda99e7793ee6366, https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/01/24/magruder-shooting-teen-jailed, https://www.clickorlando.com/getting-results/2016/11/15/untraceable-ghost-guns-sold-across-central-florida, https://rockinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/210413-Ghost-Guns-web.pdf, https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NPF_The-Proliferation-of-Ghost-Guns_Final_2021.pdf, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-cook-county-sheriff-dart-ghost-gun-legislation-20211014-whvwjv5aangmtaje27gpllqtvu-story.html, https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/three-metal-pipes-turned-into-a-shotgun-nearly-1-in-10-guns-seized-in-philly-are-homemade/2983066, https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-15/lapd-says-ghost-guns-an-epidemic-with-seizures-up-400-since-2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/14/us/ghost-guns-homemade-firearms.html, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/dark-web-gun-trafficker-nevada-county-pleads-guilty-unlawful-dealing-firearms;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/burlington-man-pleads-guilty-ammunition-charge;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/burlington-man-sentenced-ammunition-charge;, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/indiana-residents-indicted-terrorism-and-firearms-charges;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/las-vegas-man-charged-illegally-engaging-business-manufacturing-machine-guns-without;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/two-stockton-residents-sentenced-firearms-offenses;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-co/pr/denver-gang-member-sentenced-over-15-years-federal-prison-making-and-selling-dozens-high;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndia/pr/cedar-rapids-man-pleads-guilty-drug-trafficking-and-possessing-machineguns-and-pipe;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/indictment-charges-15-members-los-angeles-drug-trafficking-ring-distributed-heroin;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/two-queens-men-charged-after-buying-three-illegally-defaced-firearms-and-two-assault;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/second-defendant-charged-murder-new-indictment-case-man-found-dead-pacific-ocean-after;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdin/pr/fishers-residents-indicted-terrorism-and-firearms-charges;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/outlaws-motorcycle-club-regional-president-pleads-guilty-firearms-charges;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/sun-valley-man-indicted-federal-narcotics-charges-and-weapons-offenses-including;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/seven-defendants-arrested-and-charged-conspiracy-possess-and-carry-firearms-furtherance;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/takedown-completes-arrests-15-alleged-drug-traffickers-syracuse-area;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/three-members-gardena-street-gang-charged-federal-racketeering-case-alleging-murder-man;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/syracuse-man-pleads-guilty-brokering-illegal-gun-sales;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/gang-member-sentenced-more-7-years-prison-gun-and-drug-offenses;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdca/pr/man-sentenced-attempting-board-international-flight-loaded-firearm;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/vacaville-man-sentenced-over-4-years-prison-unlawfully-possessing-ammunition-felon;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-hi/pr/big-island-man-arrested-methamphetamine-and-firearm-charges;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/fresno-gang-member-faces-federal-firearms-charge;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/temple-hills-man-sentenced-three-and-half-years-federal-prison-trafficking-ghost-guns;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdtx/pr/septuagenarian-charged-manufacturing-ghost-guns;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/convicted-gun-trafficker-pleads-guilty-firearms-charges;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/barnstable-man-charged-firearm-trafficking;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edla/pr/laplace-man-pleads-guilty-being-felon-possession-ammunition;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/felon-pleads-guilty-possession-ghost-guns-and-conspiracy-commit-wire-fraud;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/syracuse-man-sentenced-seven-years-federal-prison-brokering-illegal-gun-sales;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/federal-drug-and-gun-charges-brought-against-fresno-man-accused-dealing-fentanyl;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/vineland-boys-gang-member-sentenced-31-years-federal-prison-racketeering-conspiracy;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/hartford-man-charged-illegally-possessing-firearm-and-ammunition;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edpa/pr/philadelphia-man-arrested-murder-hire-charges-attempted-homicide-southwest-philadelphia;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/rensselaer-county-felon-sentenced-30-months-firearms-convictions;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/three-east-bay-men-charged-conspiracy-traffic-firearms;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ednc/pr/raleigh-felon-sentenced-after-pulling-firearm-officers-during-drug-investigation;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdny/pr/buffalo-man-arrested-charged-manufacturing-ghost-guns;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/montgomery-county-man-sentenced-30-months-unlawfully-selling-ghost-guns;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/three-south-lake-tahoe-residents-charged-drug-trafficking-and-texas-man-charged;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndtx/pr/new-mexico-man-who-sold-ghost-guns-indicted;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/fresno-men-indicted-being-previously-convicted-violent-crimes-possession-firearm-and;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/connecticut-man-sentenced-firearm-trafficking;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-hi/pr/two-defendants-indicted-oahu-game-room-robbery-drug-trafficking-and-ghost-gun-possession;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/dc-felon-sentenced-30-months-federal-prison-illegal-possession-40-caliber-ghost-gun;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/convicted-felon-sentenced-narcotics-trafficking-and-manufacturing-ghost-guns;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/two-district-men-indicted-federal-charges-involving-illegal-possession-and-sale-firearms;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/bronx-man-who-possessed-five-ghost-guns-charged-possessing-firearm-and-ammunition;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/fresno-felon-indicted-possession-ammunition;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/district-man-sentenced-10-years-prison-armed-robbery-and-, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/brooklyn-felon-sentenced-48-months-imprisonment-possessing-arsenal-weapons-including;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/syracuse-man-pleads-guilty-unlawfully-possessing-and-selling-firearms-and-ammunition;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/two-men-indicted-firearms-trafficking;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/tattoo-shop-owner-sentenced-prison-possessing-unlicensed-firearms-his-business;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-mn/pr/mexican-national-charged-possessing-firearms-methamphetamine-checked-luggage-msp-airport;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/lawrence-man-arrested-firearms-and-narcotics-charges;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/colchester-man-sentenced-34-months-federal-prison-illegally-possessing-machinegun;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-nj/pr/ocean-county-man-charged-illegally-possessing-loaded-semi-automatic-rifle;, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/new-haven-gang-member-charged-federal-firearm-and-narcotics-offenses;, https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-ghost-gun-arrests-20220107-20220107-hqa4ggdygvfxdemh7kihaocqxy-story.html, https://armamentresearch.com/3d-printed-firearms-seized-in-sweden, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/3d-gun-print-germany-synagogue-shooting-stephan-balliet-neo-nazi-a9152746.html, https://armamentresearch.com/multiple-3d-printed-firearms-seized-in-sydney-australia, https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/glock-ghost-guns-up-for-grabs-on-the-dark-web, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56798743, https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/rhode-island-ghost-guns-dominican-republic/index.html, http://www.tucsonsentinel.com/local/report/020816_3d_printed_gun/cbp-3-d-printed-full-auto-rifle-seized-lukeville-crossing, https://time.com/5356179/3d-printed-guns-tsa, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/grass-valley-man-sentenced-5-years-prison-unlawfully-manufacturing-ghost-guns-and;, https://www.nextgov.com/emerging-tech/2020/03/tsa-confiscated-3d-printed-guns-raleigh-durham-international-airport/163533, https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/police-issue-warning-over-terrorist-use-of-3d-printed-guns-as-uk-neo-nazi-jailed/ar-AAL2G36, https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/oceanian-media-report-seizures-of-3d-printed-guns-submachine-guns, https://icct.nl/publication/ctrl-hate-print-terrorists-and-the-appeal-of-3d-printed-weapons, https://abc7chicago.com/al-qaeda-terrorism-terrorist-attack-inspire-magazine/10918191, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/31/what-behind-far-right-trend-using-3d-tech-make-guns, https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-right-wing-extremist-arrested-over-blueprint-to-3d-print-a-gun-20210913-p58r80.html, https://www.justice.gov/usao-mn/pr/mexican-national-charged-possessing-firearms-methamphetamine-checked-luggage-msp-airport, https://wjla.com/news/local/ghost-guns-ban-bill-passes-maryland-house-maryland-governor-larry-hogan-signs-gun-control, https://reason.com/2013/11/22/philadelphia-becomes-first-city-to-ban-3, https://www2.montgomerycountymd.gov/mcgportalapps/Press_Detail.aspx?Item_ID=34040&Dept=1, https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/mayor-gloria-signs-ban-on-ghost-guns-in-san-diego/509-, https://www.police1.com/gun-legislation-law-enforcement/articles/la-city-council-votes-to-ban-ghost-guns-8Rre0xK860ryrYud, https://denvergazette.com/news/government/denver-outlaws-owning-manufacturing-ghost-guns-in-city/article_88799392-6d04-11ec-9da0-134e7e7be5f2.html, https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/01/18/oakland-joins-growing-list-of-california-cities-to-ban-ghost-guns, https://www.atf.gov/resource-center/fact-sheet/fact-sheet-etrace-internet-based-firearms-tracing-and-analysis, https://apnews.com/article/cc61d48e83a2c8113cdb1e1ed6fe6006, https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/northampton-county/2021/06/lehigh-valley-felon-was-using-3d-printer-to-make-ghost-guns-at-home-pa-attorney-general-says.html, https://www.fontanaheraldnews.com/news/inland_empire_news/deputy-recovers-ghost-gun-from-convicted-felon-during-traffic-stop/article_3cfe0fd0-f4a3-11eb-bd31-03979dc83307.html, https://nbcpalmsprings.com/2021/08/13/parolee-arrested-with-ar-15-ghost-gun-fake-law-enforcement-badge, https://spdblotter.seattle.gov/2021/11/08/georgetown-arrest-of-a-felon-leads-to-recovery-of-ghost-gun, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151373?redirectedFrom=primordial#eid, https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/lehvoss-group-leads-innovate-uk-project-for-overprinting-high-performance-polymers-195071/, https://markforged.com/resources/blog/embedding-components-in-3d-printed-parts, https://hawkridgesys.com/blog/how-to-insert-internal-components-with-markforged-composite-3d-printing, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/convert, https://web.archive.org/web/20200331211935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThzFOIYZgIg, https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/0215.22youtubeghostguns.pdf, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/senators-youtube-ghost-gun-videos-rcna16387, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/youtube-ghost-gun-videos-rcna7605, https://timesofsandiego.com/crime/2022/01/29/convicted-felon-nabbed-in-lakeside-with-meth-ghost-guns-and-burglary-tools/, https://kymkemp.com/2021/11/29/felon-found-with-ghost-gun-arrested-says-hcso/, https://spdblotter.seattle.gov/2021/11/08/georgetown-arrest-of-a-felon-leads-to-recovery-of-ghost-gun/, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/bridgeport-felon-sentenced-more-5-years-federal-prison-possessing-firearms;, https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2020/08/05/winthrop-man-had-homemade-ghost-guns-prosecutors-say, https://www.pennlive.com/crime/2020/07/ghost-gun-used-in-shooting-that-killed-two-outside-snyder-county-restaurant.html, https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/21/us/saugus-shooting-ghost-gun/index.html, https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/news/2018/05/how_the_felon_killed_at_walmar.html, https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/ghost-guns-federal-loophole-allows-felons-to-legally-buy-gun-parts-online-build-assault-weapons/703695149/, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12057, https://saami.org/saami-glossary/?letter=R, https://www.atf.gov/firearms/how-properly-destroy-firearms;, https://www.atf.gov/firearms/qa/does-gunsmith-need-enter-every-firearm-received-adjustment-or-repair-acquisition-and, https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1408606/download, https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c4_009.htm, https://www.ttb.gov/firearms/manufacturers, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/legacy_drupal_files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf, https://www.atf.gov/rules-and-regulations/rulings.
Bridge Camber Calculations, Greenwich Bay Trading Company, Ferryman Minecraft Skin, Rhyme To Remember Planets Uk, Poway Unified School District Classified Jobs, John's Pass Happy Hour, Acer Nitro Xv282k Kvbmiipruzx 28, Paris Private Driving Tours, Stamba Hotel Restaurant, Motion Blur Minecraft Mod,