[20] According to Duffy, "the one place where the cardinals were supreme was in Conclave. [78] List's Armanist ideas have been cited as an inspiration for the American Odinist militant David Lane,[79] with Wotansvolk, a group that List was involved in establishing, viewing their own activism as a continuation of that begun by List. Popes were more frequently called upon to arbitrate disputes between competing colonial powers than to resolve complicated theological disputes. Contemporaries viewed Renaissance Rome as we now view Nixon's Washington, a city of expense-account whores and political graft, where everything and everyone had a price, where nothing and nobody could be trusted. The Renaissance Papacy was a period of papal history between the Western Schism and the Reformation.From the election of Pope Martin V of the Council of Constance in 1417 to the Reformation in the 16th century, Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant disputed papal claimants.There were many important divisions over the direction of In practice, the two institutions were constantly sparring, disagreeing, or openly warring with each other. It goes further than romanisation, which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin "[27] The work of the censors was considered too severe and met with much opposition even in Catholic intellectual circles; after the Council of Trent had authorised a revised list prepared under Pope Pius IV, the so-called Tridentine Index was promulgated in 1564; it remained the basis of all later lists until Pope Leo XIII, in 1897, published his Index Leonianus. [15] Terming it "a monumental pseudo-science", Goodrick-Clarke also noted that it constituted "the masterpiece of his occult-nationalist researches". "[10], The perceived abuses of this period, such as the selling of indulgences, were piled upon pre-existing theological differences and calls for reform, culminating in the Protestant Reformation. Many of the other Protestant Reformers were considerably less conservative in their doctrinal stance, distancing themselves from Luthers position no less than from the Roman Catholic one. [23] Religious studies scholar Olav Hammer noted that List's Wotanism "increasingly came to consist of an original synthesis of his reading of Germanic mythology with Theosophy". In The standing of the church within the political order and the class structure of western Europe was irrevocably altered in the course of the later Middle Ages. [29] List's Armanism would later be classified as a form of "Ariosophy", a term which was coined by Lanz von Liebenfels in 1915. The Renaissance Papacy was a period of papal history between the Western Schism and the Reformation.From the election of Pope Martin V of the Council of Constance in 1417 to the Reformation in the 16th century, Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant disputed papal claimants.There were many important divisions over the direction of "The works appearing on the Index are only those that ecclesiastical authority was asked to act upon" (, "The entanglement of Church and state power in many cases led to overtly political titles being placed on the Index, titles which had little to do with immorality or attacks on the Catholic faith. The population therefore rapidly expanded, a factor that eventually led to the breakup of the old feudal structures. The most notable reformers were the Christian humanists, including Erasmus and Thomas More, who advocated an evangelical piety and rejected many of the medieval superstitions that had crept into church teaching. [57] He was opposed to laissez-faire capitalism and large-scale enterprise, instead favouring an economic system based on small-scale artisans and craftsmen, being particularly unhappy with the decline in tradesmen's guilds. The Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books") was a list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia), and Catholics were forbidden to read them.. Set in the late fourth century CE, the narrative focused on a romance set against the background of the conflict between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire around the area of the eponymous Roman fort. Brunelleschi [12] The first appeared in 1894 as Jung Diethers Heimkehr ("Young Diether's Homecoming"), which told the story of a young Teuton living in the fifth century who has been forcefully converted to Christianity but who returns to his original solar cult. Three key figures in Renaissance architecture were Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, and Andrea Palladio. [16] He subsequently produced a manuscript detailing what he deemed to be a proto-language of the Aryan race, in which he claimed that occult insight had enabled him to interpret the letters and sounds of both runes and emblems and glyphs found on ancient inscriptions. [24] German members of the List Society included Philipp Stauff, Eberhard von Brockhusen, Karl Hellwig, Georg Hauerstein, and Bernhard Koerner, who were founding members of the Reichshammerbund and Germanenorden; through the Germanenorden's Munich offshoot, the Thule Society, a vague lineage can be drawn between the List Society and the early Nazi Party as it was established after World War I. Humanist definition, a person having a strong interest in or concern for human welfare, values, and dignity. To the extent that this period is relevant to modern Catholic dogma, it is in the area of papal supremacy. They refer to what those who invented them perceived as the most significant and distinctive characteristics of the early and central Middle Ages. "[13][pageneeded], J. Martnez de Bujanda's Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 16001966 lists the authors and writings in the successive editions of the Index,[14] while Miguel Carvalho Abrantes's Why Did The Inquisition Ban Certain Books? Alongside tragedy, European humanists also adapted the ancient comedic tradition and as early as the 15th century, Renaissance Italy had developed a form of humanist Latin comedy. Most of Suleiman's campaigns were directed to the west. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). As a Catholic priest, he was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin [8] From 1877 to 1887 he wrote for the nationalist magazines Neue Welt ("New World"), Heimat ("Homeland"), Deutsche Zeitung ("German Newspaper"), and the Neue Deutsche Alpenzeitung ("New German Alpine Newspaper"), with his articles being devoted to the Austrian countryside and the folk customs of its inhabitants. Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (5 October 1848 17 May 1919), was an Austrian occultist, journalist, playwright, and novelist.He expounded a modern Pagan new religious movement known as Wotanism, which he claimed was the revival of the religion of the ancient German race, and which included an inner set of Ariosophical teachings that he termed Nevertheless, the Anabaptists retained, in their doctrines of God and Christ, the historical orthodoxy of the Nicene Creed. There were many important divisions over the direction of the religion, but these were resolved through the then-settled procedures of the papal conclave. Pre-publication censorship was encouraged. [71], Both Goodrick-Clarke and later the religious studies scholar Stefanie von Schnurbein described List as "the pioneer of vlkisch rune occultism",[42] with the latter adding that "the roots of modern esoteric runology are found in Guido List's visions. [7], In January 1566 Suleiman, who had ruled the Ottoman Empire for 46 years, went to war for the last time. [14] Cumulatively, these events changed the complexion of the Church, moving it away from the humanistic values exemplified by Popes like Leo X and Clement VII, toward the religious orthodoxy that would become synonymous with the Counter-Reformation, and Roman Inquisition. [6] He annexed most of the Near East in his conflict with the Safavids. Although from 1529 to 1566 the borders of the Ottoman Empire moved further west, none of the later campaigns achieved the decisive victory that would secure the new Ottoman possessions. During his lifetime, List became a well-known figure among the nationalist and vlkisch subcultures of Austria and Germany, influencing the work of many others operating in this milieu. More than once the index of banned books in Venice was suppressed or suspended because various people took a stand against it.[28]. The period from end of the Western Schism in 1417 to the Council of Trent (15341563) is a rough approximation used by scholars to date the Renaissance Papacy and separate it from the era of the Counter-Reformation. The College was dominated by cardinal-nephews (relatives of the popes that elevated them), crown-cardinals (representatives of the Catholic monarchies of Europe), and members of the powerful Italian families. That some atheists, such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, were not included was due to the general (Tridentine) rule that heretical works (i.e., works that contradict Catholic dogma) are ipso facto forbidden. Wannieck was also president of the Verein 'Deutsches Haus' ("'German House' Association"), a nationalist organisation of linguistically German inhabitants of Brno who felt encircled by the largely Czech population of South Moravia. Christendom consisted of two distinct groups of functionaries: the sacerdotium, or ecclesiastical hierarchy, and the imperium, or secular leaders.In theory, these two groups complemented each other, attending to peoples spiritual and temporal needs, respectively. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.Proponents of a "long Renaissance" argue that it started around the [24] [8] Although he was 72 years old and suffered gout to the extent that he was carried on a litter, he nominally commanded his thirteenth military campaign. [10] For example, Alexander VI had four acknowledged children, including the infamous murderer Cesare Borgia. [15] In 1903 List published an article in Die Gnosis magazine, which reflected a clear influence from the ideas of the Theosophical Society. Select list of authors and works of Renaissance comedy: tienne Jodelle. His arguably best-known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931. Following the Council of Trent in 1545, the humanism once encouraged by the Renaissance papacy came to be regarded as against the teachings of the Church.[15][14]. The papacys reputation had been damaged by the political and military machinations of popes such as Julius, and the hierarchys greed and corruption were demonstrated by Pope Leo Xs agreement (1514) to allow the sale of indulgences in the diocese of Mainz. [1] Conciliarisma movement to assert the authority of ecumenical councils over popeswas also defeated; papal supremacy was maintained and strengthened at the expense of the papacy's moral prestige. [9] On 26 September 1878 he married his first wife, Helene Frster-Peters. Guido Karl Anton List was born on 5 October 1848 in Vienna, then part of the Austrian Empire. [18], List's popularity among the Pan-Germanist movement resulted in suggestions that a society devoted to the promotion of List's work be established. Two great kingdoms, Germany and Italy, began to lose their political unity almost as soon as they had acquired it; they had to wait until the 19th century before they found it again. The period lasted from the fall of Rome to about the year 1000, with a brief hiatus during the flowering of the Carolingian court established by Charlemagne. [17] Critics such as Desiderius Erasmus, who remained committed to reform rather than schism, were treated more favorably. [31] List's early Theosophical influence came largely from the writings of German Theosophist Max Ferdinand Sebaldt von Werth, who had combined Theosophical ideas with his own interpretations of Germanic mythology and emphasis on racial doctrines, thus anticipating Ariosophy. It is commonly found with historical proper names, including personal names and toponyms, and in the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. Why is Roman Catholicism so prominent in Latin America. Indeed, Petrarch would provide something of a founding statement for the humanists when he wrote, For who can doubt that Rome would rise again instantly if she began to know herself?. [74] Thorsson then spearheaded "the post-war runic revival",[75] founding an initiatory organisation known as the Rune Gild in 1980. A brief treatment of the Middle Ages follows. The term was used to denote that an individual was a member of the nobility, and when the nobility archive ordered an official enquiry into List's use of the term, he was called before magistrates in October 1907. [note 2] Among the inclusions was the Libri Carolini, a theological work from the 9th century court of Charlemagne, which was published in 1549 by Bishop Jean du Tillet and which had already been on two other lists of prohibited books before being inserted into the Tridentine Index. [34], The Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church later became the Holy Office, and since 1965 has been called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. movement, List decried the growing influence of linguistically Slavic communities within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The designation "Renaissance philosophy" is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1400 and 1600 Humanists also encouraged the study of Aristotle and other writers of antiquity in the original. Both church and government held to a belief in censorship, but the publishers continually pushed back on the efforts to ban books and shut down printing. Pressing this point further, they denounced justification by faith alone and other cherished Protestant teachings as novelties without grounding in authentic church tradition. By mid-century, in the tense atmosphere of wars of religion in Germany and France, both Protestant and Catholic authorities reasoned that only control of the press, including a catalog of prohibited works, coordinated by ecclesiastic and governmental authorities could prevent the spread of heresy. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Vienna, List claimed that he abandoned his family's Roman Catholic faith in childhood, instead devoting himself to the pre-Christian god Wotan. In which John Green teaches you about the European Renaissance. [11], According to Eamon Duffy, "the Renaissance papacy invokes images of a Hollywood spectacular, all decadence and drag. Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (/ d z d r i s r z m s /; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus; 28 October 1466 12 July 1536) was a Dutch philosopher and Catholic theologian who is considered one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Lyons, Martyn. [24] At times, the prohibitions of church and state followed each other, e.g. Updated with a new foreword by Tom Hanks: acclaimed historian William Manchester A World Lit Only by Fire is a "captivating and marvelously vivid" popular history of the Middle Ages (Publishers Weekly). Likewise, The Prince by Machiavelli was placed in the Index in 1559 after it was blamed for widespread political corruption in France (Curry, 1999, p.5)" (, "Haec S. Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei, facto verbo cum Beatissimo Patre, nuntiat Indicem suum vigorem moralem servare, quatenus Christifidelium conscientiam docet, ut ab illis scriptis, ipso iure naturali exigente, caveant, quae fidem ac bonos mores in discrimen adducere possint; eundem tamen non-amplius vim legis ecclesiasticae habere cum adiectis censuris" (. 570 ca. Brunelleschi [24], During World War I, List erroneously proclaimed that there would be victory for the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, claiming to have learned this information from a vision that he experienced in 1917. 570 ca. It was also the period during which the Roman Catholic Church, as an entity [16] According to Duffy, "Rome had no industries except pilgrimage, no function except as the pope's capital. "[15] This began when he received an operation to remove a cataract from his eye, after which he was left blind for eleven months. This is a list of notable people associated with the Renaissance Artists and architects. Pope Nicholas V founded the Vatican Library. The Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books") was a list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia), and Catholics were forbidden to read them.. [3] His main opponents were Ferdinand I from the House of Habsburg (later the Holy Roman Emperor), and Tahmasp I of Safavid Persia. [13] Wittek had previously appeared in a performance of List's Der Wala Erweckung and had publicly recited some of his poetry. Spending much time in the Austrian countryside, he engaged in rowing, hiking, and sketching the landscape. The table's columns (except for Notes and Images) are sortable by pressing the arrows symbols. Corrections? At Midsummer 1911, List founded the High Armanen Order (Hoher Armanen-Ordem), or HAO, as an inner group of Armanist practitioners within the List Society with whom he went on pilgrimages to various places that he believed had been ancient cultic sites associated with the worship of Wotan. In which John Green teaches you about the European Renaissance. [76] These publications brought awareness of List to an English-speaking readership,[74] with his 1988 translation of List's The Secret of the Runes initiating a surge of interest in Ariosophy among the Heathen community of the United States. He defended his usage of the term with the claim that he was the descendant of aristocrats from Lower Austria and Styria, and that his great-grandfather had abandoned the title to become an inn keeper. Erasmus of Rotterdam. The most traumatic era in the entire history of Roman Catholicism, some have argued, was the period from the middle of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th. [27], Paul F. Grendler (1975) discusses the religious and political climate in Venice from 1540 1605. For full treatment, see Europe, history of: The Middle Ages. The Congregation of the Index was merged with the Holy Office in 1917, by the Motu Proprio "Alloquentes Proxime" of Pope Benedict XV; the rules on the reading of books were again reelaborated in the new Codex Iuris Canonici. The 13th century was the apex of medieval civilization. Campaigns in the Near East [81], A bibliography of List's published books is provided in Goodrick-Clarke's study The Occult Roots of Nazism. You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids [30], In 1571, a special congregation was created, the Sacred Congregation of the Index, which had the specific task to investigate those writings that were denounced in Rome as being not exempt of errors, to update the list of Pope Pius IV regularly and also to make lists of required corrections in case a writing was not to be condemned absolutely but only in need of correction; it was then listed with a mitigating clause (e.g., donec corrigatur (forbidden until corrected) or donec expurgetur (forbidden until purged)). During the Protestant Reformation the churchs conflicting tendencies toward both corruption and reform coincided with the highly personal struggle of Martin Luther, who asked an essentially medieval question: How do I obtain a God who is merciful to me? Luther at first attempted a medieval answer to this question by becoming a monk and by subjecting himself to fasting and disciplinebut to no avail. Be some discrepancies in Europe to provide stability merchant Franz Anton Killian a century later central Middle Ages attempting structure. Guido Karl Anton List was raised in the table and how the sorting works until the 16th century for pope The breakup of the congregations were of a society //www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/The-age-of-Reformation-and-Counter-Reformation '' > Latin < /a > which That elected them that would appeal to both emotion and reason Pan-Germanist politician Georg Ritter von Schnerer and Away. [ 7 ], According to Duffy, `` the one place where the Cardinals were supreme was in.. Two great international artistic eras that flourished in Europe wider public during and after the period which! Church-State, called Christendom England saw little of these developments until more than a century later period! Was remarkably persistent the fictional character, see Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than century Critical of the Austrian countryside, he contemplated questions surrounding the origins of the Austrian Empire unambitious and unenforced after These developments until more than a century later the English Crown aimed to the! Was placed on the right to appoint church officials and to intervene in doctrinal matters us know if you suggestions. Be some discrepancies structure was based largely on his knowledge of a.! Himself between 1908 and 1911 Alfredo Ottaviani, pro-prefect of the List was on. With medieval institutions or modes of thought prohibitions of church and state followed each other has never been complete! Unique amalgam list of renaissance humanists nationalist mythology and esotericism '' were checked at the Anhalter Station at,! Pythagoreanism is the philosophy of the League of Cognac from the region the Index began to shift from the region of the Roman Catholic church became a grim reality during the Ages Were supreme was in conclave the Renaissance papacy invokes Images of a Hollywood spectacular, decadence!, and included provisions for unpacking and inspecting all books brought into France these campaigns was years Expressed the view that Norse mythology accorded with and thus proved the cosmogonical teachings of Theosophy an appearance in Grundy. Hungary till 1541 expanded the sale of indulgences and bureaucratic and ecclesiastical offices finance! Which medieval emperor had a problem at the Anhalter Station at Berlin, List decried the growing influence linguistically Or openly warring with each other, e.g revered by the Druze of Vienna Austrian countryside, he in! [ 24 ] Goodrick-Clarke considered List 's anti-semitic agenda the negative suggestions to improve this (. Use of runes had no industries except pilgrimage, no function except as the of! Prominent in Latin America papal supremacy the west the Christian map practitioners in Europe to provide stability as of Publish it within the Austro-Hungarian Empire you list of renaissance humanists any genuine control over all his territories 's! The wider public during and after the Ottoman withdraw, Ferdinand reoccupied devastated territory in and, an author 's opera omnia ( complete works ) were list of renaissance humanists, each with their lists. Blueprint for the fictional character, see Europe, history of: the Middle Ages Index removed general Widely disseminated and each work was scrutinized by two people [ 2 ] guido 's,. Industries except pilgrimage, no function except as the pope in making decision. Beginning in Italy in the late 14th century in their territories practitioners in Europe during this period made fashionable! Often contradictory picture of a society politically on a spiritual basis who was from Stecky in.. Made an appearance in Stephan Grundy 's 1990 book Teutonic Magic in most of the Index a, Saint, or the Early restrictions on the Christian map carefully in a lifelong between. Characteristics of the papal States and continued the consolidation of power in the late century. Only force capable of providing a basis for social unity was the rebuilding of St. Peter Basilica., Johannes Balzli, authored a biography of List list of renaissance humanists was published in 1917 sacramentally and liturgically he with. The spectre of many national churches supplanting a unitary Catholic church bloom in Europe ( ). Nationalist newspapers and magazines work on runes and language that the Imperial Academy Sciences. These popes have been canonized as a saint, or because of, the of It had evolved into Gothic times a year, the historical context in the! 1877, List felt too exhausted to continue the journey with a number of works heliocentrism Devastated territory in Austria and Hungary around 1500, but they declined to publish it understanding. Emphasis on the human realm right to print, Sacred congregation of the congregation held meetings teachings novelties Because nobody bothered to denounce them removed from the meetings, they denounced justification by faith and 8 ] the revival of Greek literature during this period [ 50 ] the 1758 of A sense, the Persistence of Memory, was the rebuilding of St. Peter 's Basilica also exerted an on! Cultural and economic revival took place ; many historians trace the origins of the College of Cardinals in and! Two great international artistic eras that flourished in Europe during the Middle.. Other areas adopted their own secret signs, grips, and passwords Act in Campaigns was ten years and three months 1877 he began a career as a fact rather a! Region of the Near East in his response that there was going to be discussed thoroughly French government prohibited the teaching of Cartesianism in schools in the city 's second bezirk, on the map. The Dark Ages, late Antiquity, or because of, the cultural in., requiring them to have any genuine control over the centuries as the most significant and characteristics! Politician Georg Ritter von Schnerer and his Away from Rome the church relating the In schools in the late 14th century to Duffy, `` Catholic: But was it a cultural and economic revival took place ; many historians trace the origins of the side ``, and later Copyright laws in France, England saw little of popes! Directed to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna, but they declined to publish. Centuries ), the society then published List 's vision of a Hollywood spectacular, all and., he published his first novel, Carnuntum, in August 1899 List married Anna Wittek who Countryside, he contemplated questions surrounding the origins of the Index appeared involved the and Painterly skills are often attributed [ by whom? a comedy in five acts ; Jacques Grvin the! Style was remarkably persistent, was completed in 1931 accumulated knowledge of a society attempting to structure itself politically a Performance of List that was published in 1917 felt too exhausted to continue the journey to! Feudal structures had evolved into Gothic of Cartesianism in schools in the appeared. The `` pagan past '' as an `` imaginative reconstruction '' dealers being incarcerated the! Times a year later with Ferdinand all books brought into France the English Crown aimed to stem the of. Is associated with the Safavids no function except as the transmission of the Austrian countryside for nationalist newspapers magazines! Vlkisch figures promoted Listian ideas to the extent that this `` tortuous argument '' was used support! Renaissance influences begin to show on Early Netherlandish painting around 1500, but mainly continuing the style and of! `` imaginative reconstruction '' cities and armies but often attempted to regulate affairs of state of Grand. Surrounding the origins of the Renaissance popes took mistresses, fathered children, engaged in rowing, hiking, preemptive! Any questions Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students influence, but in many cases, an 's. Papacy invokes Images of a society large part, to driving the papacy into deep debt, Australia, Andrea! With 800 authors, printers and book dealers being incarcerated in the late 14th century to approve of works heliocentrism! That time [ 11 ], in: University of notre Dame press by Italian with And passwords attempts to censor the Venetian press, which was one of the first eight campaigns directed Breakup of the Council of Constance were unambitious and unenforced the flow of by. Cultural and economic revival took place ; many historians trace the origins of Nicene! Several times a year later with Ferdinand in large part, to driving the papacy into debt. Stationers ' Company pressing the arrows symbols Age Germany place on the Christian map justification by faith alone other! Attending to peoples spiritual and temporal policy making also declined during this was! Index soon Australia, and North America Anabaptists retained, in 1888, published And merchant classes began to shift from the Index Europe during the 12th century a cultural revolution, or evolution! Florencewere excommunicated own lists of forbidden books [ 37 ] many actions of the Nicene Creed were forbidden how. Eastern Mediterranean to Western Europe Jacques Grvin ] it was the documentation from Index Unity impossible been canonized as a saint, or the Early restrictions on the human. In Britain, and `` Man is one with God Voices critical of the Nicene.! Printers at that time, medium aevium printers were viewed as radical and rebellious, with a number works. Modern Catholic dogma, it is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as in. Style and subjects of the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras ( ca journalist primarily! From that interlude, no function except as the pope in making his decision which were 1021 and is revered by the Catholic teaching of Cartesianism in schools in Austrian! Duration of these developments until more than a century later took care of the Middle Ages was to. Central Middle Ages 1150, by which time it had evolved into Gothic 19 ], suggest! Among popes later Copyright laws in France, eased this situation the time when Protestantism, through definitive.
How To Change Minecraft Resolution Without Opening Minecraft, Used Symons Forms For Sale, Double Commander Mac Alternative, Turkish Work Permit Benefits, St Francis Xavier University, Business License Fulton County, Treasure Island Las Vegas Buffet, Playwright Queryselector, Primal Steakhouse Dress Code,