convergent thinking psychology

Eugenics? (2011). These new conspiracy theories take their place next to classics such as alleged plots concerning the assassination of John F. Kennedy (McHoskey, 1995), the cover-up of alien contact (Harrison and Thomas, 1997), or the origins of diseases such as HIV (Ross et al., 2006). J. Psychol. Divergent thinking is employed when an individual is faced with an open-ended task (examples were given earlierHow can a brick be used?). 1, 185216. All participants were between 18 and 30 years of age. Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex. Horne[7] illustrated that even when motivation to perform well is maintained, sleep can still impact divergent thinking performance. E. Villalba, in Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017 Conclusions. The CMQ remained a marginally significant predictor with = 0.18, p = 0.050. 17, 395409. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Eugenics? After completing the questionnaire, participants had the opportunity to compare their own score with that of a normative sample, were debriefed, and thanked for their support. [13] These were the only significant relationships regarding the convergent thinking measures. Study 1b tests the temporal stability of the CMQ across a 2-week interval. Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural forces, such as seasons and weather. Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. As for RWA, the original conceptualization of RWA (Adorno et al., 1950) included a construct called projectivity which is closely related to our conceptualization of a conspiracy mentality. Hey, I said some of it was icky. This can make for another bout of sickness later on that will be more difficult to cure because the bacteria involved will be resistant to the first medication used. When, as is the case in our analyses, the sample size is large, this often leads to statistically significant 2 differences, even in case of negligible differences between the two models. Although these correlations demonstrate that conspiracy mentality is related to other constructs in meaningful and predictable ways, none of the correlations was of a size that would raise doubts as to whether conspiracy mentality is viable as an independent construct. Definition, theory and pyramid, It tries to arrive at a solution by examining patterns with the information it has, Define, specify, plan and find a solution, It tries to arrive at a correct solution by examining patterns with the information it has. 1, 8999. This thinking style was described and developed by psychologist Joy Paul Guilford, who studied human intelligence.According to Guilford, human 4:225. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225. Study 1a is the largest data collection to date measuring both beliefs in specific conspiracy theories and the general tendency to believe in conspiracy theories across four (groups of) countries: the US, UK, and Ireland, Germany, and Turkey. In free writing, a person will focus on one particular topic and write non-stop about it for a short period of time, in a stream of consciousness fashion. As such, a conspiracy mentality then describes the general propensity to subscribe to theories blaming a conspiracy of ill-intending individuals or groups for important societal phenomena or, in more abstract terms, the tendency to subscribe to general conspiracist beliefs (Swami et al., 2010). Conspiracy theories are ubiquitous when it comes to explaining political events and societal phenomena. Immune Defic. The ideas ofJohn B. Watsondominated this school of thought early on. If you tell the same story again in another class but nobody laughs this time, you will be less likely to repeat the story again in the future. [17] When a student contemplates the possible answers available, they use convergent thinking to weigh alternatives within a construct. Conspiracy Theories. Some studies reflect that a persons personality with convergent and divergent thinking is associated with the actions of spontaneity, imagination, artistic interests, liberal attitudes and others are associated with divergent thinking. Evolution. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Operant conditioning. Modeling 6, 155. Studies 24 are concerned with the convergent and discriminant validity of the CMQ with other individual differences measures. New York, NY: Harper. (in press) Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale, instead, may be better suited for exploring domain-specific differences in conspiracy beliefs. [14] This was demonstrated to be significantly different by a one-way ANOVA. Following the original approach by Darwin et al. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior. they can neither harm nor benefit, but can also be harmful or beneficial sometimes. Social psychology and social identity theory. PMID 3898363. [15] Some species with certain traits in a population have higher survival and reproductive rate than others, and they pass on these genetic features to their offsprings. Q. Convergent thinking is often used in conjunction with divergent thinking. For example, sharks and dolphins look alike but they are not related. This allows one to find a single best solution that is measurable.[17]. 4. Although these types have their distinct differences, it is vital to keep in mind that Convergent and Divergent Thinking can work hand in hand to achieve the most efficient solution. The psychologist J.P. Guilford first coined the terms convergent thinking and divergent thinking in 1956. Many people constantly develop and practice this type of thinking because of the situations that arise.It is all about identifying, reflecting, evaluating and taking action on a single alternative. Psicothema 20, 872882. As in the two previous studies, we computed zero-order correlation coefficients between participants conspiracy mentality and their belief in 33 specific conspiracy theories. This finding illustrates the potential complementarity of our measure with other, more detailed and culture-dependent measures of conspiracy beliefs. Comparisons of mean levels of conspiracy mentality revealed higher levels in Turkey than in Western European and North American countries. Dual-process theories provide an architecture for the interaction between intuitive (type 1) and deliberate (type 2) thinking. Figure 1. A student who is taking an exam, must analyse and remember the previous information that he/she had studied for the test, with the collection of information that he/she has, he/she will be able to analyse the options of the exam and choose the best answer that he/she believes is the correct one. Openness is a self-report of ones preference for thinking "outside the box. All human beings use Convergent Thinking in some processes of daily life, however, many people develop this type of thinking much more and put it into practice on a daily basis. van de Vijver, F., and Hambleton, R. K. (1996). To do this, researchers studied Electroencephalography (EEG) patterns of subjects during convergent and divergent thinking tasks. Skinner used the termoperantto refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences." Evolution is based on the theory that all species are related and they gradually change over time. This type of thinking seeks only one correct answer to a question or problem or a specific situation. Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text. Convergent thinking is a fundamental tool in a child's education.Today, most educational opportunities are tied to one's performance on standardized tests that are often multiple choice in nature. Our analyses concerning the measurement equivalence of the CMQ across its three language versions provided initial support for the idea that it is possible to assess conspiracy mentality across different cultures. Anthropomorphism refers to the tendency to assume human-like tendencies in inanimate objects. Further, in Studies 24, we test the convergent and discriminant validity of the construct of conspiracy mentality compared to other generalized political attitudes [right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO)], personality measures (Big Five, schizotypy, paranoid ideation), and further individual differences measures (e.g., domains of paranormal belief, power-, and control-related self-perceptions, anomia, death anxiety). Share your experience and knowledge in the comments box below. In other words, the timing and frequency of reinforcement influenced how new behaviors were learned and how old behaviors were modified. J. Pers. When a student contemplates the possible answers available, they use convergent thinking to weigh alternatives within a construct. This thinking style was described and developed by psychologist Joy Paul Guilford, who studied human intelligence.According to Guilford, human Psychol. The weirdest people in the world? Like speech accommodation theory, communication accommodation theory continues to draw from social psychology, particularly from four main socio-psychology theories: similarity-attraction, social exchange, causal attribution and intergroup distinctiveness.These theories help to explain why speakers seek to converge or diverge from For further discussion, see the papers collected in Jeshion (ed.) [34] Current research seeks to determine this. Adaptive evolution[10] relates to evolutionary changes that happen due to the changes in the environment, this makes the organism suitable to its habitat. Reips, U.-D., and Lengler, R. (2005). [20], Furthermore, convergent thinking has also been said to devalue minority arguments. While burnout may influence health Polit. Current research in evolutionary biology covers diverse topics and incorporates ideas from diverse areas, such as molecular genetics and computer science. Mason, O., Claridge, G., and Jackson, M. (1995). In a study at the University of Bergen, Norway, the effects of positive and negative mood on divergent-thinking were examined. Fenigstein, A., and Vanable, P. A. Be the first to rate this post. Table 3. Being able to reliably assess the general tendency to endorse such theories with the CMQ should help to guide the next steps in the exciting endeavor to better understand the psychological role of such beliefs in social change and individual life courses. Respondent behaviors are those that occur automatically and reflexively, such as pulling your hand back from a hot stove or jerking your leg when the doctor taps on your knee. Zonis, M., and Joseph, C. M. (1994). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts Applications and Programming. What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis? Fourth, we wanted to provide a more severe test of the CMQs predictive validity by controlling for a large set of individual difference measures when predicting specific conspiracy beliefs. Respondent behaviors are those that occur automatically and reflexively, such as pulling your hand back from a hot stove or jerking your leg when the doctor taps on your knee. The CMQ correlated strongly with each of the specific conspiracy items, with correlations ranging from 0.37 to 0.76, each significant at a level of p < 0.001. Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, we proceeded to test a one-factor model across the three different language versions. Paleontological Journal, Vol. Dropout was independent of CMQ scores at t1, t(175) = 1.07, p = 0.28. 1.2% (n = 93) of the submissions were excluded due to (a) repeated submissions from one computer, (b) identical responses to all items, (c) self-reported poor command of the questionnaire language, or (d) missing responses to more than one questionnaire item. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. We argue that the difference lies in the functionality of conspiracy beliefs that differs between our correlational design and experimental designs such as Whitson and Galinskys (2008) due to differences in attribution. 16, 237257. Methods Res. dnyada halka hi bir sekilde haber verilmeden gerekleen ok fazla sayida nemli olaylar olmaktadir. This term was originally phrased by Moscovici (1987) who understood the notion of conspiracy as implying that members of a confession, party, or ethnicity [] are united by an indissoluble secret bond. As far as sex is concerned, Darwin et al. Developing that dimension would be highly desirable because it is likely that individual characteristics and cultural factors interact when it comes to the belief in specific conspiracy theories, and its consequences on attitudes and behaviors. We refer to these latter five items as the CMQ (see Appendix for complete item wording). Psychol. Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. Psychol. Regierungsbehrden berwachen alle Brger genau. [1] Convergent thinking is used as a tool in creative problem solving. Planning a trip, something that seems simple but is important because when people go out of their comfort zone they have to analyse and identify the best options and choose only one for the trip. After the process of divergent thinking has been completed, ideas and information are organized and structured using convergent thinking to decision making strategies are used leading to a single-best, or most often correct answer. Participants were resident in Germany (n = 5,018), the US (n = 1,126), Turkey (n = 981), or the UK and Ireland (n = 548). Critically, the CMQ fared very well and much better than any other of the individual difference measures in predicting beliefs in specific conspiracy theories even when controlling for a large number of alternative predictors. This acts as a, You train your dog to fetch by offering him praise and a pat on the head whenever he performs the behavior correctly. When an individual is using critical thinking to solve a problem they consciously use standards or probabilities to make judgments. Polit. The strong reliance on young and highly educated student samples to develop psychometric scales and test psychological theories has been much discussed and criticized (Peterson, 2001; Henrich et al., 2010). Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Using creative ideas to find answers is done through the divergent thinking style. Soc. The study also provided good evidence for the predictive validity of the CMQ: the instrument strongly predicted specific conspiracy beliefs even when controlling for other individual difference measures. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., and Sanford, R. N. (1950). New scales for the assessment of schizotypy. It is our (the Twentieth) century which has established conspiracy as a system of thought and a method of action (Moscovici, 1987, p. 153). In the 1930s, the discipline of evolutionary biology emerged through what Julian Huxley called the modern synthesis of understanding, from previously unrelated fields of biological research, such as genetics and ecology, systematics, and paleontology. The following are examples of situations when Convergent Thinking is applied by humans in daily life. Study 1b examined the 2-week test-retest reliability of the CMQ. The construct was measured using a 7-item scale ( = 0.74). For example, those threatened by unemployment as well as ethnic minorities are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories (Goertzel, 1994; Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999). Consider the type of reinforcement or punishment that may work best for your unique situation and assess which type of reinforcement schedule might lead to the best results. 11171133. Find out more. This is consistent with suggestions that conspiracy beliefs are particularly rife in the Middle East (e.g., Pipes, 1998). Within cultures, we observed that women in the US, but not in the other countries, scored higher on conspiracy mentality than did men. Thus, in Study 3 we recruited a sample drawn from the British working population. The SPQ-B: a brief screening instrument for schizotypal personality disorder. There is much reason to think that there is no return to what Moscovici (1987) describes as the amateur stage of conspiracy beliefs. On the other hand, divergent thinking demonstrated amplitude decreases in the caudal regions of the cortex in Theta 1 and 2 bands. Conversely, minority support for the argument had no effect on the subjects. In particular, whereas the CMQs correlation with the Conspiracy Mentality Scale was 0.82, all other correlations were smaller than 0.54 (most of them substantially so). Soc. Likewise, the relationship between pollinating insects like bees and flowering plants, herbivores and plants, are also some common examples. But operant conditioning is not just something that takes place in experimental settings while training lab animals. For example, the three germ layers can be observed to not be present in cnidarians and ctenophores, which instead present in worms, being more or less developed depending on the kind of worm itself. We believe that these activities attest to the scientific relevance of developing valid, reliable, and efficient instruments to measure generic conspiracy beliefs. Eugenics? The relevant subscale of the California F-Scale of authoritarianism (Adorno et al., 1950) included items such as Most people dont realize how much our lives are controlled by plots hatched in secret places.. In this article we will take a closer look at the last one. Ernst Mayr in systematics, George Gaylord Simpson in paleontology and G. Ledyard Stebbins in botany helped to form the modern synthesis. (in press) above may be a good indicator of conspiracy mentality in the former type of country (e.g., democracies), answers to this item may reflect appropriate skepticism and low gullibility rather than conspiracy mentality in the latter type of country (e.g., autocracies). Convergent thinking is a more analytical process that concentrates on finding the best answer, as opposed to divergent thinking that encourages individuals to take creative risks that may or may not have the desired outcome. Conspiracy theorizing surveillance: considering modalities of paranoia and conspiracy in surveillance studies. Constantly working on this stimulation can lead to original solutions to a situation as ideas can flow more naturally. Beliefs in conspiracies. No creativity is needed to find a solution or answer to a situation or problem. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., and Malle, B. F. (1994). Das konstrukt der sozialen dominanzorientierung als generalisierte einstellung: eine replikation [The construct of social dominance orientation as a generalized attitude: a replication]. many very important things happen in the world, which the public is never informed about. Statistical testing for measurement equivalence is sometimes based on the comparison of each models 2 values; however, this is a highly conservative method and is often seen as impractical and unrealistic(Byrne, 2009). Turkish participants (M = 7.3; SD = 2.1) conspiracy mentality was markedly higher than that of all other groups (ds > 0.58) whereas German participants scored lower than the other groups (M = 5.9; SD = 2.1). Operant conditioning was first described by behavioristB.F. Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. This potential for punishment may lead to a decrease in disruptive behaviors. The Authoritarian Personality. [36] Drug resistance also causes many problems for patients such as a worsening sickness or the sickness can mutate into something that can no longer be cured with medication. Like speech accommodation theory, communication accommodation theory continues to draw from social psychology, particularly from four main socio-psychology theories: similarity-attraction, social exchange, causal attribution and intergroup distinctiveness.These theories help to explain why speakers seek to converge or diverge from Pipes, D. (1998). This requires the person to be focused and to analyse the pros and cons of the situation in order to make the best decision. Reinforcement and punishment take place in natural settings all the time, as well as in more structured settings such as classrooms or therapy sessions. [Online]. Some journals cover sub-specialties within evolutionary biology, such as the journals Systematic Biology, Molecular Biology and Evolution and its sister journal Genome Biology and Evolution, and Cladistics. We've updated our Privacy Policy, which will go in to effect on September 1, 2022. Linear and Non-Linear Thinking. [7] Meanwhile, convergent thinking induced coherence increases in the Theta 1 band that was more caudal and right-sided. What do you think? We argue that our findings build a convincing case for the suitability and utility of the CMQ as a measure of conspiracy beliefs. In this way of thinking, the following tools are used to develop CT: evaluating, filtering and selecting the information one has in order to find a single solution to the problem or situation presented by the person. Critical thinking can be seen as part of the more general convergent thinking skills that involve the production of one correct answer. The field of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo") investigates how developmental processes work, and compares them in different organisms to determine how they evolved. In Studies 24 (total N = 476), we report (re-)analyses of three datasets demonstrating the validity of the CMQ in student and working population samples in the UK and Germany. 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