A girl whose breasts have started to develop lives away from the group for six weeks to three months. The more important aspect of the marriage contract was the labor service performed by the son-in-law. Currently Chapter 87 of Zambia's Penal Code Act describes homosexuality as an offense against morality. The issue of homosexuality in Zambia came to the forefront in 1998 when for the first time in the country's history, the Zambian homosexual community decided to come out in the open, and form an organization called Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, and Transgender Association (LEGATRA) to champion their cause. Ivory tusks and other valuable goods were placed on top of his grave, which was guarded by the "wives of the dead.". There is one interesting myth in Bemba oral tradition that deals with the origins of the Bemba group. The Bemba chiefs hold the same kind of representative and deputy role thats typical for the cieftains in matriachal society. Tervuren, Belgium: Muse Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. Political authority is divided between the formal government and traditional chiefs. The population density is low. Identification and Location. Laur, Jason. The area that today is Senegal once was part of the West African Empire of Mali, Ghana, and Tekru, Bemidji State University: Distance Learning Programs, Bemidji State University: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba-0, https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba-1. In contrast to uncultivated land, there is a strong sense of individual ownership of cultivated fields and produce. : Chiefs and headmen are generally male, but it is not unusual to find women in such positions. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba, Gordon, David "Bemba However, chitemene has not disappeared and still is an important part of Bemba survival strategies. For example, the Crocodile clan is the partner of the Fish clan, because crocodiles eat fish. (1956). Get Free Chisungu A Initiation Ceremony Among The Bemba Of Zambia With two plays opening in Bend, this summer weekend is a treat A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in this regard by CBC president Sambath Sothea and his Cassava is poor in nutrients but is easy to grow and can stay underground for a number of years before it is harvested. Close kinship terms are subject to declension, for example, mayo (my mother), noko (thy mother), nyina (her mother). Zambia. After 1991 chiefs were supposed to remain outside formal politics, but their influence remains significant. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Bemba had no form of storable wealth. Two clans in partnership usually have names that are associated and show the type of joking relationship. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Once they were well established in their present habitat, the Bemba organized themselves into an expansive but loosely united state under a paramount chief, known as Chitimukulu (the Great Tree), and subchiefs belonging to the royal Crocodile clan. The government follows the model of the British colonial bureaucracy. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Social Control. The government follows the model of the British colonial bureaucracy. Although the practice has declined in recent years, initiation (ichisungu) at puberty teaches girls duties toward their households and husbands. The Bemba usually are classified as matrilineal and matrilocal. Education in high school and universities is also in English. Chitimukulu's tribal council consists of a number of royal hereditary officials called abakabilo who have different ritual duties. A member of the Crocodile clan can tease or ridicule a member of the Fish clan by saying, You are my meal today. A member of the Fish clan can answer back that if it had not been for the fish, the crocodile wouldn't have seen the light of day, and it would have starved to death. Traditional ceremonial activities include rites surrounding the preparation of chitemene fields and first fruit ceremonies. However, it is common for a child to adopt the father's name and ancestral spirit (umupashi), and this is suggestive of a strengthening of patrilineal elements. They named it Northern Rhodesia. He also belongs to an exogamous, matrilineal sib (mukoa ), which is important for certain hereditary offices. It will completely ease you to look guide chisungu a girls initiation ceremony among the bemba of zambia as you such as. An interesting element of Bemba culture is their marriage ceremonies and structure. RELIGION: Traditional faith (worship of Kuoth); Christiani, Igbo , Dimensions Although the area is well watered, the soil is mostly poor and covered by bush, scrub, and low trees typical of an African savannah (plain with few trees). Every incident, every experience that can be recalled with any detail and accuracy, is recounted. Encyclopedia of Religion. Meebelo, Henry S. (1971). Subsistence agriculture makes an important contribution to livelihood since employment levels are low and wages and pensions are below the subsistence level. For example, Emilio Mulolani, a fervent lay preacher, was in favor of the restoration of the house cult, and taught that men and women were equal, especially in the act of procreation, which was sacred. This is a direct consequence of the chitemene system of shifting cultivation and necessitates the building of impermanent structures. 32 talking about this. Richards, Audrey I. A power thats taken away from them in patriarchal societies. Unable to add item to List. Retrieved October 27, 2022 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba-0, POPULATION: 3.1 million Bemba (or Bemba-speaking), RELIGION: Protestantism; traditional beliefs; Roman Catholicism; African Christianity; Islam. In order to become engaged to a girl, a young man is expected to offer a small present to the parents of the girl. From practicing horticulture as well as slash-and-burn farming, they have to move their fields every fourth year because of poor soil. Leiden and New York, 1994. This led to an uproar by the Zambian community, both in support and against it with the majority vowing to reject it at all costs. The Babemba or Bemba people make their home in an area of Africa that includes Zambia and the Congo. The results of the research is that a . The matriarchal characteristics in the Bemba and Lupaula peoples are for the first and onlytime thoroughly investigated and recognised in by the female anthropologists Audery I. Richards, Carla o. Poewe and referred to by Heide Gttner Abendroth in herworkMatriarchal Societies: Studies on Indigenous Cultures Across the Globe, 2012, "The husband is in a second-class role, which is usual in this type of structure. It was argued that Imbusa initiation could be a space for empowering women in marriage and society as it is a place of solidarity for women. Labrecque, d. In addition, a patrilineal emphasis has been increasing in the late twentieth century, including a broadening of the father's authority within the family. The Protestants and the Catholics competed for the allegiance of boys and young men. Settlements Village children make their own toys such as cars made from dry cornstalks, scrap materials, and discarded wires as well as other innovative playthings. In school, subjects such as biology present information different from the teachings of Chisungu. Also after the sexual act, each person has to perform a purifying ritual of washing. Northern Province is divided into nine districts, each of which has an administrative capital that also serves as a trading center. Medicine. In most cases, women have become poorer than in the past when men were present. The village may be relocated as a result of the practice of shifting cultivation. Verbeek, Leon (1993) Initiation et mariage dans la chanson populaire des bemba du Zaire. ." Tippu Tip, a Swahili slave trader, had contact with the Bemba in the 1860s, and David Livingstone passed through the area in 1867-1868 and in 1872 shortly before his death near Bemba country. After 1991 chiefs were supposed to remain outside formal politics, but their influence remains significant. Dr Richards observed the entire chisungu or female initiation rite, an almost continuous series of complex ceremonies lasting for a month. Each icalo is a geographical unit with a more or less fixed boundary and name, and it is also a ritual unit. He ruled as president for twenty-seven years of one-party government. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Northern Province 7. Zambia has been relatively stable since independence (1964). Musicians, especially guitarists and singers, perform in village bars and churches. Although the practice has declined in recent years, initiation (ichisungu) at puberty teaches girls duties toward their households and husbands. The Bemba have about forty clans. Retrieved October 27, 2022 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba-1. However, due to economic difficulties during the 1970s and 1980s, the government has faced internal unrest from time to time. Chiefs and headmen are generally male, but it is not unusual to find women in such positions. Socialization. Zambia: A Country Study. Underpinned by painstaking research carried out by Richards among the Bemba people in northern Zambia in the 1930s, Chisungu focuses on the initiation ceremonies for young Bemba girls. Older persons are given greater respect in Bemba society, where a person's age has much to do with how others treat him or her. Under Mwanawasa's leadership, Chiluba was arrested and charged with several counts of embezzlement and corruption, crimes he was said to have committed during his tenure in office as president of Zambia. A money economy and Christianity have strengthened the control of men over their children and weakened attachment to uterine kin. Another source: Photo by Jessica Hilltout. Sociology. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Although the clothing for men is Western (shorts, pants, and shirts), the designs and fashion for women's dresses are typically of Zambian or African origin. Small-scale gemstone and mineral mining occurs. Small-scale gemstone and mineral mining occurs. The eldest women and their brothers are those who are responsible of the important ritual duties performed at the ancestors shrines; the women for the female ancestors spirit and their brothers for the male.They are highly respected and also seem to exert some kind of authority as they are thought of as having the power to both bless and to curse. whether they live in urban areas or in the original rural Bemba area. Like many peoples of Africa, the Bemba have a rich cultural heritage that is transmitted by word of mouth from one generation In general it is estimated that 34% of Zambia's population are Protestant, 27% hold to traditional beliefs, 26% are Roman Catholic, 8% are African Christian, and the rest follow other Christian sects, Islam, and other faiths. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on December 24, 2013. The citimukulu is assisted by a council consisting of thirty to forty hereditary officials (the bakabilo ), many of royal descent, and each responsible for some special ritual duty kept secret from the ordinary members of the society. Le monde des esprits au sud-est du Shaba et au nord de la Zambie. Marriage. Encyclopedia.com. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Their teaching was considered pagan and was discouraged as much as possible. Chiefs, clan elders, and other ritual specialists prayed and made sacrifices to the spirits. (This practice, called bride wealth, is commonly done in patrilineal societies, where descent is through the father.) London and New York, 1988. One of the most important Bemba rituals is the female initiation ceremony, Chisungu, held shortly after the onset of menstruation. Aldridge, Sally. Witchcraft purification and detection are still performed by witchfinders (abashinganga), often on behalf of traditional chiefs and councilors. Handicraft products include clay pots, reed mats and baskets, hunting and fishing nets, wood and iron agricultural implements, canoes, stools, and drums. Furthermore, the knowledge of the community's religious heritage and the guidelines for worshiping the transcendent were passed on by the women during the ceremonies of initiation. The Bemba state is divided into political districts (ifyalo ; sing. They were characterized as a warlike and fearsome people by early European travelers and explorers, such as David Livingstone. A member of the Fish clan can answer back that without the Fish, the Crocodile would have starved to death. While English is good as a unifying language since no ethnic group can identify with it, it has its disadvantages in that the majority of the population who are not fluent in English are excluded from the modern economy and development. In the 1880s and 1890s European conquest and colonization began. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Copperbelt. Click Download or Read Online button to get Chisungu A Girl S Initiation Ceremony Among The Bemba Of Zambia book now. One at a time, each person tells all the good things the one in the center ever did in his/her lifetime. During the colonial era the introduction of the labor migration economy where men were allowed to migrate to mining and large scale plantation agricultural areas left women and old people in rural villages in charge of subsistence agriculture. Their main occupation is subsistence agriculture in the form of shifting cultivation. Since the Bemba are a matrilineal society (with descent through the mother), large payments in money or goods by the bride's family are not required at the time of marriage. And clitoridectomy, in which the genitalia are mutilated, is not practised in matriarchal African cultures. There is no comparable ritual for boys. It can be seen that rank is a marked feature of Bemba society. membership of a village is fluid, and households migrate in search of new land. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. During colonialism chiefs collaborated closely with the colonial officials based at the Boma. LOCATION: Igboland (Southern Nigeria) 27 Oct. 2022
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