Bangladesh (/ b l d , b -/; Bengali: , pronounced [balade] ()), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). [30] According to Al-Muqaddasi and Yaqut al-Hamawi, Tamanon was located on the south-western or southern slopes of Mount Judi and south of Cizre. Several scholars consider that al-Qarawiyyin was founded [79], Since 1627, the cathedral underwent major renovation under Catholicos Movses (Moses), when the dome, ceiling, roof, foundations and paving were repaired. [97] Prior to the May 1918 Battle of Sardarabad, which took place just miles away from the cathedral, the civilian and military leadership of Armenia suggested Catholicos Gevorg (George) V to leave for Byurakan for security purposes, but he refused. After Catholicos Gregory II the Martyrophile's assistant and representative, Parsegh of Cilicia's solicitation, the Armenians obtained a partial reprieve, but Malik's succeeding governors continued levying taxes. [17][18] They captured and imprisoned Levon in Constantinople with several other family members, including his sons Ruben and T'oros. Tigranes VI of Armenia ruled from AD 58, again installed by Roman support. This growth was noticed by Dawit's successor, Emperor Zara Yakob (r. 14341468) who realized that the energy of the Sabbatarians could be useful in reinvigorating the church and promoting national unity. London: I.B. It's not an easy place to explore roads are rough, transport is often hard to navigate and those who don't speak Armenian or Russian may find communication difficult but travelling here is as rewarding as it is revelatory. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor (under a Russian peacekeeping force) and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. [41] Many merchant families also fled westward and founded or joined with existing diaspora communities in France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. [9] Cilician Armenia thrived economically, with the port of Ayas serving as a center for EastWest trade. [20] With the adoption of Christianity in the early 4th century, Zoroastrianism's influence in the kingdom gradually started to decline. Building Image Country Continent First built Use Notes Gbekli Tepe: Turkey: Asia: 10000 7500 BC Unknown, likely temple Located in southern Turkey.The tell includes two phases of use, believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt, dating back to the 10th8th millennium BCE.The structure is 300 m in diameter and 15 m high. The three primary harbours of the Armenian Kingdom, which were vital to its economy and defense, were the fortified coastal sites at Ayas and Korikos, and the river emporium of Mopsuestia. Its territory was reorganized into a satrapy called Armenia. RFE/RL journalists report the news in 27 languages in 23 countries where a free press is banned by the government or not fully established. Subscribe to Lonely Planet newsletters and promotions. The main cities in this area are Kirkuk and Arbil. [152] Catholicos Vazgen I described the cathedral as "our Solomon's Temple. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972. [62], In 1983, the Kurdish provinces were included in the a state of emergency region, which was placed under martial law in response to the activities of the militant separatist organization the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). During the 6th century, the Patriarchate of Alexandria encouraged the clerical immigration to Aksum and a program of careful recruitment of religious leaders in the kingdom to ensure that the rich and valuable diocese of Aksum remained under the control of the Alexandrian patriarchate. Catholicism has been present in Ethiopia since the nineteenth century, and numbers 536,827 believers. According to the story, Queen Makeda, who took the Ethiopian throne in the 10th century, B.C., travelled to Jerusalem to learn to be a good ruler from King Solomon, who was famous worldwide for his wisdom and capabilities as a ruler. Borders drawn along the Euphrates and Armenian Highlands in the east, Taurus Mountains, Amanus Mountains (today's Nur Mountains) and Mediterranean Sea in the south and south-east, Pontus Euxinus to the north, and Aegean Sea, Propontis (Marmara sea), Bosphorus and Thrace in the west. Hromkla was also sacked, forcing the Catholicossate to move to Sis. Naypyidaw, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw (Burmese: ; MLCTS: Nepranytau; pronounced [npjd] lit. Many aspects of Western European life were adopted by the nobility including chivalry, fashions in clothing, and the use of French titles, names, and language. [17] Initially, he was successful in repelling Byzantine invasions; but, in 1158, he paid homage to Emperor Manuel I through a short-lived treaty. Christianity in Ethiopia is the largest religion in the country, the Ethiopian community at large, and dates back to the early medieval Kingdom of Aksum, when the King Ezana first adopted the faith in 4th century AD. [105] The dissident anti-Soviet Armenian diocese in the US wrote that "the great cathedral became a hollow monument. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. [citation needed], Judaism was practiced in Ethiopia long before Christianity arrived and the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible contains numerous Jewish Aramaic words. Horses in Armenia, since ancient times were considered as the most important part and pride of the warrior. the fourth is Jeezera ul Omar, a city on an island in the Tigris, and corresponding to the ancient Bezabde. The Western Church sent numerous missions to Cilician Armenia to help with rapprochement, but had limited results. Naypyidaw, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw (Burmese: ; MLCTS: Nepranytau; pronounced [npjd] lit. From 114 to 118, Armenia briefly became a province of the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan. In 1441 a general council of several hundred religious figures met in Etchmiadzin and voted to reestablish a catholicosate there. [8], Armenian presence in Cilicia dates back to the first century BC, when under Tigranes the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia expanded and conquered a vast region in the Levant. The eastern settlement forms a mound that would have risen about 20 m (66 ft) above the plain at the time of the latest Neolithic occupation. [25] Cilician Armenia also expanded and recovered lands crossed by important trade routes on the Cappadocian, Mesopotamian, and Syrian borders, including Marash and Behesni, which further made the Armenian Kingdom a potential Mamluk target. [35][36] The emirates included Baban, Soran, Badinan and Garmiyan in the south; Bakran, Bohtan (or Botan) and Badlis in the north, and Mukriyan and Ardalan in the east. "Cilician Armenia" in, Natasha Hodgson, Conflict and Cohabitation Marriage and Diplomacy between Latins and Cilician Armenians c. 1150-1254 in The Crusades and the Near East, ed. Its seat was first transferred to Sebasteia in 1058 in Cappadocia, where had existed a significant Armenian population. The lion, emblem of the Cilician Armenian state, remains a symbol of Armenian statehood to this day, featured on the Coat of arms of Armenia. A number of parallel concepts to the biblical Garden of Eden exist in various other religions and mythologies. [53], According to Faustus of Byzantium, the cathedral and the city of Vagharshapat were almost completely destroyed during the invasion of Persian King Shapur II in the 360s[57] (circa 363). These days, pilgrims climb down a metal ladder into the well where the saint was incarcerated. There is little evidence about the activities of the daily life of the early Aksumite Church, but it is clear that the essential doctrinal and liturgical traditions were established in the first four centuries of its creation. Ancient Greek boxing (Greek: pygmachia, "fist fighting") dates back to at least the 8th century BC (Homer's Iliad), and was practiced in a variety of social contexts in different Greek city-states.Most extant sources about ancient Greek boxing are fragmentary or legendary, making it difficult to reconstruct the rules, customs and history surrounding this activity in great detail. Tigranes invaded as far southeast as the Parthian capital of Ecbatana, located in modern-day western Iran. [103], Other mineral resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include coal, copper, gold, iron, limestone (which is used to produce cement), marble, and zinc. Al-Sheikhly, O.F. The Armenians were obligated to cede many fortresses to the Mamluks and were prohibited to rebuild their defensive fortifications. After gaining Armenia in 60, then losing it in 62, the Romans sent the Legio XV Apollinaris from Pannonia to Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, legatus of Syria. They resulted in the Antiochene Wars of Succession between Levon's grand-nephew Raymond Roupen and Bohemond IV of Antioch-Tripoli. Located 32km south of Yerevan at the foot of Mt Ararat, Khor Virap has been repeatedly rebuilt since the 5th century. [2], Close up view of the frescoes on the dome, The design of Etchmiadzin Cathedralclassified as "a four-apsed square with ciborium,"[134] and called Ejmiatsnatip "Etchmiadzin-type" in Armenian architectural historiography[62]was not common in Armenia in the early medieval period. "land of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. [38] The frescoes inside the cathedral were restored by Lydia Durnovo in 1956[132] and in 198182 under the directorship of Vardges Baghdasaryan. Precipitation varies between 200 and 400mm a year in the plains, and between 700 and 3,000mm a year on the high plateau between mountain chains. Several scholars consider that al-Qarawiyyin was founded In response, in 1400, Emperor Dawit I (r. 13801412) invited the Sabbatarians to come to court and participate in a debate. Armenia came under the Ancient Roman sphere of influence in 66 BC, after the battle of Tigranocerta and the final defeat of Armenia's ally, Mithridates VI of Pontus. [42] Frequent appeals for help and support were made by the Armenians to their co-religionists in Europe, and the kingdom was also involved in planning new crusades. Also can include nearby offshore islands like Cyprus, Lesbos, Ancient music refers to the musical cultures and practices that developed in the literate civilizations of the ancient world.Succeeding the music of prehistoric societies and lasting until the Post-classical era, major centers of Ancient music developed in China (the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties), Egypt (the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms), Greece (the Archaic, Classical and Kurdistan in the Middle Ages was a collection of semi-independent and independent states called emirates. With a minimum of ornament, the building [] is a solid stone construction, its arches sober romanesque curves. [125][151], The locus of Etchmiadzin is "a sanctified soil" similar to Temple Mount and the Golden Temple, for Jews and Sikhs, respectively. The Mamluks began as a cavalry corps established from Turkic and other slaves sold to the Egyptian sultan by Genghis Khan. mi.) [54] However, other scholars, have rejected Sahinian's view. National Geographic stories take you on a journey thats always enlightening, often surprising, and unfailingly fascinating. Tamrat, Tardesse. The efforts of these Syriac missionaries from Assyria and Aramea facilitated the Churchs expansion deep into the interior and caused friction with the traditions of the local people. We ourselves [the Armenians] have indeed the authority to bring you [the Catholic Church] to trial, following the example of the Apostles, and you have no right to deny our competency. Free tours are available for five or more. Almost the entire population of Ayas, Armenian, and Frankish perished.[28]. In 83 BC, at the invitation of one of the factions in the interminable civil wars, he entered Syria, and soon established himself as ruler of Syriaputting the Seleucid Empire virtually at an endand ruled peacefully for 17 years. King Solomon agreed to take Makeda as his student and taught her how to be a good queen. The Silk Road (Chinese: ) was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Next to the temple are the ruins of a Roman-era bathhouse (closed to the public) and a 7th-century church. [62] According to Hewsen the bell is of Tibetian origin with a Buddhist inscription, "probably the long-forgotten gift of some Mongol or Ilkhanid khan. Note: Over time the regions did not always were the same and had the same size or the same borders and sometimes included different subregions, districts, divisions or parts or were united with others. [21] He became known as Levon the Magnificent, due to his numerous contributions to Cilician Armenian statehood in the political, military, and economic spheres. A 1920 book prepared by the Historical Section of the British Foreign Office acknowledged that Etchmiadzin "was regarded as the national capital of the Armenians. Archaeological excavations were held in 195556 and in 1959; the cathedral underwent a major renovation during this period. In June 1804, during the Russo-Persian War (180413), the Russian troops led by General Pavel Tsitsianov tried to take Etchmiadzin, but failed. Kurdistan (Kurdish: ,Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. Iraqi Kurdistan is divided into six governorates, three of which (and parts of others) are under the control of the Kurdistan Regional Government. Things to Do in Armenia, Asia: See Tripadvisor's 151,896 traveler reviews and photos of Armenia tourist attractions. Z river in Zebari region, Iraqi Kurdistan. [94] Included in the region are Mount Judi and Ararat (both prominent in Kurdish folklore), Zagros, Qandil, Shingal, Mount Abdulaziz, Kurd Mountains, Jabal al-Akrad, Shaho, Gabar, Hamrin, and Nisir. Often at the invitation of Armenian barons and kings the Crusaders maintained for varying periods castles in and along the borders of the Kingdom, including Bagras, Trapessac, Til Hamtun, Harunia, Selefkia, Amouda, and Sarvandikar.[4]. During times of war, the number of Armenian cavalry would rise, with estimates ranging from 10,000 to at least 20,000 horsemen. Please check with your relevant national government. As a result, 30,000 wealthy Armenians left Cilicia and settled in Cyprus, still ruled by the Lusignan dynasty until 1489. [19][20] The 19th-century Kurdistan Eyalet was the first time that the Ottoman Empire used the term 'Kurdistan' to refer to an administrative unit rather than a geographical region. It is unusual among Myanmar's cities, as it is an entirely planned city outside of any state or region. "land of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. In Ancient Greek the "y" represented the vowel [y] () and not the semivowel [j] or the vowels [i] or [I]. [7] On June 26, 1243, they secured a decisive victory at Kse Da against the Seljuk Turks. [H] In the early fourth century the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tiridates III, had become the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as a state religion. [8], Kurdistan generally comprises the following four regions: southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan). [54] The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, who took more than 80 Turkish persons captive in Mosul during their offensive, is an enemy of Turkey, making Kurdistan useful for Turkey as a buffer state. Antioch, a major center of Hellenistic Greece, and the third-most important city of the Roman Empire, then part of Syria Province, today a ruin near Antakya, Turkey, was where Christians were first called Christians and also the location of the Incident at Antioch.It was the site of an early church, traditionally said to be founded by Peter who is considered the first bishop. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern Ducates or Catepanates (combined Military and Administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire) on border regions that included smaller Themata under the command of a Dux or Katepano), List of regions of Ancient Anatolia (present-day Turkey), Byzantine Anatolian Themes (circa 1000 AD), Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia&oldid=1097082356, Articles lacking sources from December 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Included several of the same regions or lands as the, Known western Anatolian late-Bronze Age regions and/or political entities which, to date, have not been cited as having been part of the, This page was last edited on 8 July 2022, at 14:34. Thus, in 1080, the foundations of the independent Armenian princedom of Cilicia, and the future kingdom, were laid under Ruben's leadership. Following its conquest in 1045, and in the midst of Byzantine efforts to further repopulate the Empire's east, Armenian immigration into Cilicia intensified and turned into a major socio-political movement. "[125], The northern wall of the cathedral contains two reliefs which depict Paul the Apostle and Saint Thecla[126] and a cross with all arms of equal length with Greek inscriptions. Explore Armenia holidays and discover the best time and places to visit. [110], In 2000[111] Etchmiadzin underwent a renovation prior to the celebrations of the 1700th anniversary of the Christianization of Armenia in 2001. [96] A hospital and an orphanage within the cathedral's grounds were established and maintained by the U.S.-based Armenian Near East Relief by 1919.[2]. [148], In 2000 UNESCO added Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the churches of St. Hripsime, St. Gayane, Shoghakat and the ruined Zvartnots Cathedral to the list of World Heritage Sites. The modern endonyms for the area are Aghwank and Aluank, among the Udi people, who regard themselves as descended from the The army of the Kingdom of Armenia reached its peak under the reign of Tigranes the Great. Armenian presence in Cilicia dates back to the first century BC, when under Tigranes the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia expanded and conquered a vast region in the Levant.In 83 BC, the Greek aristocracy of Seleucid Syria, weakened by a bloody civil war, offered their allegiance to the ambitious Armenian king. N. Maxoudian, "Early Armenia as an Empire: The Career of Tigranes III, 9555 BC". An agreement was reached at the Treaty of Rhandeia in 63, according to which members of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty would rule Armenia as client kings of Rome. After 66 BC, it passed another 5 times between Rome and Persia.
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